LASHING IN QANUN ACEH AND THE CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.v7i1.173Keywords:
Aceh, Lashing, Torture, International Human Rights Law, Islamic LawAbstract
While considered archaic to some, the Islamic Sharia applies lashing as punishment for a number of penal offences. Aceh is a special province in Indonesia with the privilege to apply some level of Islamic Sharia. Among them is to apply lashing as punishment for crimes such as fornication, gambling, consuming alcoholic beverages, and many others. Some have criticized this punishment as a violation of the prohibition against torture and cruel treatment. Based on a mix of normative and empirical research, his article will explore the relevant sources of international law and examine whether or not such a claim is true. It will be found that the Islamic Sharia version of lashing as applied in Aceh does not violate this prohibition, except in a very narrow-minded view of international law which may be an intellectual legacy of colonialism towards the world.
Downloads
References
Abubakar, A.-Y. (2011). Hukum Pidana Islam di Aceh: Penafsiran dan Pedoman Pelaksanaan Qanun tentang Perbuatan Pidana. Banda Aceh: Dinas Syariat Islam Aceh.
Afsah, E. (2000). Islamic Exceptionalism: How valid is the concept of ‘Islamic human rights. Kennedy School Review, 1(1), 5–15.
AJ+. (2015, January 14). Saudi Blogger Lashed 50 Times For Insulting Islam (Video). Retrieved July 9, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIa6RiNSflY
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (1993). Islam and Secularism. Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC.
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (2001). Risalah Untuk Kaum Muslimin. Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC.
Al-Bukhari, I. (1997). Sahih Al-Bukhari (Vol. 4). Riyadh: Darussalam.
Al-Mawardi, I. (2014). Al-Ahkam As-Sultoniyyah: Hukum-Hukum Penyelenggaraan Negara dalam Syariat Islam. Jakarta: Darul Falah.
Al-Nawawī, I. (1416). Sharḥ Al-Nawawī ’Ala Muslim (Vol. 16). Dar al-Khayr.
Al-QÄrÄ«, ‘AlÄ«. (1422). Mirqah al-Mafatih Sharh Mishkah al-Mashabih (Vol. 7). Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
An-Na’im, A. A. (1987). Islamic Law, International Relations, and Human Rights: Challenge and Response. Cornell Int’l LJ, 20(2), 317–335.
Anas, M. bin. (1992). Muwatta Al-Malik. Granada: Madinah Press.
Anghie, A. (2004). Imperialism, Sovereignty, and the Making of International Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.
APT, & CEJIL. (2008). Torture in International Law, A Guide to Jurisprudence. Geneva-Washington DC: [19] The Association for the Prevention of Torture and the Center for Justice and International Law.
Bassiouni, M. C. (1996). International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes. Law & Contemporary Problems, 59, 63.
Boyle, A., & Chinkin, C. (2007). The Making of International Law. New York: Oxford University Press.
CmEDAW. (1994). General Recommendation No. 21: Equality in Marriage and Family Relations, A/49/38.
Daud, W. M. N. W. (2013). Islamization of Contemporary Knowledge and the Role of the University in the Context of De-Westernization and Decolonialization. Johor Baru: UTM Press.
De Vattel, E., & Chitty, J. (1835). The law of nations: or, Principles of the law of nature, applied to the conduct and affairs of nations and sovereigns. PH Nicklin & T. Johnson.
Feroza, C. (2007). HAM dan Penerapan Sanksi Hukum Pidana Islam. Universitas Indonesia.
Haney, C. (2002). From Prison to Home: The Effect of Incarceration and Re-entry on Children, Families, and Communities. In National Policy Conference. Washington: U.S Department of Health and Human Services and the Urban Institute. Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/75001/Haney.pdf
HRC. (n.d.). General Comments No. 20, UN Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.7.
Husaini, A., & Al-Baghdadi, A. (2007). Hermeneutika & Tafsir Al-Qur’an. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press.
Kalla requests UNDP to not fund LGBT groups. (2016, February 15). The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/02/15/kalla-requests-undp-not-fund-lgbt-groups.html
Kania, D. D., Hilipito, M. R., Ayuni, Q., Soebagio, R. H., Muhammadin, F. M., Bachtiar, T. A., … Ulfa, A. (n.d.). Transformasi Menuju Fitrah: LGBT dalam Perspektif Keindonesiaan. Jakarta: Aliansi Cinta Keluarga and Dompet Dhuafa.
Koojimans, P. (1985). Report by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. P. Koojimans, appointed pursuant to Commission on Human Rights Res. 1985/33.
Lane, E. W. (1968). An Arabic-English Lexicon: In Eight Parts (Vol. 3). Bayrūt: Librairie du Liban.
Mayer, B. (2014). The “Magic Circle†of Rights Holders: Human Rights’ Outsiders. In P. Singh & B. Mayer (Eds.), Critical International Law: Post-Realism, Post Colonialism, and Transnationalism (pp. 198–219). Oxford–New Dheli: Oxford University Press.
Muhammadin, F. M. (2017a). Universalitas Hak Asasi Manusia Dalam Hukum Internasional: Sebuah Pendekatan Post-Kolonial. In Al-Khanif, H. P. Wiratraman, & M. K. Wardaya (Eds.), Hak Asasi Manusia: Dialektika Universalisme vs Relativisme di Indonesia (pp. 1–20). Yogyakarta: LKiS.
Muhammadin, F. M. (2017b, May 16). Vonis Ahok dan Rezim HAM Internasional. Republika Online. Retrieved from http://www.republika.co.id/berita/jurnalisme-warga/wacana/17/05/16/oq1px6291-vonis-ahok-dan-rezim-ham-internasional
MukhtÄr, A. (2008). Mu‘jam Al-Lughah Al-‘Arabiyyah Mu‘aá¹£irah. Cairo: ‘Alam al-Kutub.
Muslim, I. (2007). Sahih Muslim (Vol. 6). Riyadh: Darussalam.
Nowak, M. (2005). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (No. A/60/316).
Nowak, M. (2006). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the question of torture, Manfred Nowak, UN. Doc E/CN.4/2006/6.
Okezone. (2011, June 25). Kontras: Hukuman Cambuk di Aceh Langgar HAM. Okezone News. Retrieved from http://news.okezone.com/read/2011/06/25/337/472648/kontras-hukuman-cambuk-di-aceh-langgar-ham
Oxford, D. (2017). Religion. Retrieved from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/religion
Rahman, A. (1982). Muhammad: Encyclopaedia of Seerah (Vol. 2). London: The Muslim Schools Trust.
Reservations to CEDAW. (2006). Retrieved October 26, 2017, from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reservations.htm
Salim, F. (2010). Kritik Terhadap Studi Al-Qur’an Kaum Liberal. Jakarta: Perspektif.
SerambiTV. (2017, March 20). Turis Saksikan Hukum Cambuk Di Aceh. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ilf0uNfpsWY
Shaffer, G. C., & Pollack, M. A. (2010). Hard vs. Soft Law: Alternatives, Complements and Antagonists in International Governance Hard vs. Soft Law: Alternatives, Complements, and Antagonists in International Governance. Minnesota Law Review , 94, 706–799. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Singh, P., & Mayer, B. (2014). Introduction: Thinking International Law Critically - One Attitude, Three Perspectives. In P. Singh & B. Mayer (Eds.), Critical International Law: Post-Realism, Post Colonialism, and Transnationalism (pp. 1–26). Oxford–New Dheli: Oxford University Press.
Soekanto, S., & Mamudji, S. (2007). Penelitian Hukum Normatif Suatu Tinjauan Umum. Jakarta: Raja Grafido Persada.
Yasser, P. (2014, July 15). Lashing in Islam. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYS_nduLkdU
Zainuddin, M. (2012). Problematika Hukum Cambuk di Aceh. Banda Aceh: Dinas Syariat Islam.
Zakaria, F. (1986). Human Rights in the Arab World: the Islamic Context. In UNESCO (Ed.), Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights. Paris: UNESCO.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Fajri Matahati Muhammadin, Dian Agung Wicaksono, Almonika Cindy Fatika Sari, Ola Anisa Ayutama
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
