أثر مستقبل اختلاف الفتوى على تطبيق المنتجات المالية في المصارف الإسلاميّة

Future Impact of Difference of Fatwa on the Application of Financial Products in Islamic Banks

Authors

  • MAHMOUD MOHAMED ALI MAHMOUD EDRIS Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol6no1.98

Keywords:

أثر، اختلاف، الفتوى، المنتجات، المالية، المصارف، الإسلاميّة.

Abstract

إنَّ أمر الفتوى ليس بالأمر الهين، فقد تولى رب العزة سبحانه بنفسه بعضًا منها، تنويهًا بها وتشريفًا، مثل فتواه في ميراث الكلالة، وقد قام بها النبيُّ محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم مبيناً عن الله تعالى، ونهض بها العماء من بعده، ولعظم شأنها، ألف فيها ابن القيم كتاباً، أسماه إعلام الموقعين عن رب العالمين، في إشارة إلى أن المفتي عندما يفتي، يوقع عن رب العالمين على الفتوى، وقد رغَّبت الشريعة في التبليغ، وحذرت من كتم العلم عند الحاجة، بل توعّدت فاعله بلعنة الله والملائكة والناس أجمعين،كما - توعدت بذلك المتكلم بغير علم، ومما- سبق تتضح مكانة الفتوى في الإسلام، وهذا ما يحاول الباحث إظهاره، متعرضاً لاختلاف الفتوى في المصارف الإسلاميّة، ومُنوّهاً على أنه لا يوجد اختلاف بين الْمُفتين في مبادئ الشريعة الإسلاميّة، ولكن الاختلاف ناشئ عن تعدد وجهات نظر المفتين، في بعض المسائل الفرعيّة، وهو أمر معروف في الفقه الإسلامي. وقد تطرّق الباحث إلى أنّ أبرز الاختلافات في الفتوى قديماً كان سببها، بُعد الأمصار الإسلاميّة، وقد نشأ هذا الاختلاف في المذاهب الفقهيّة المُختلفة، لعوامل متعدّدة، وفي مسائل ظنيّة لاختلاف عقول الناس ومداركهم. كما أكّدت الدراسة أنّ الاختلاف لم يُقصد لذاته، بل كانت الغاية منه الوصول إلى الحُكم الشرعي الصحيح. وأشار الباحث إلى أنّ تعدد وجهات نظر المجتهدين في الفتوى، ظاهرة إيجابية وصحيّة مطلوبة؛ لأنّها توصل للحقيقة، كما أنها دليل على سعة هذه الشريعة ومرونتها، وصلاحيتها لكل زمان ومكان.  زد على ذلك؛ فقد أكّدت الدراسة أن اختلاف الفقهاء المعتبر هو الناشئ عن نظر في دليل شرعي، وما عدا ذلك فهو قول بالهوى، مرفوض في الشريعة الإسلامية، ومن الآثار التي  ينوي الباحث إبرازها، قلّة الفقهاء المتخصّصين في فقه المعاملات الشرعية المعاصرة، ممّا سبّب إشكالاً لفهم الكثير من الفتاوى المستجدّة، بخصوص طريقة تطبيق، بعض منتجات المصارف الإسلاميّة. وسيُسلّط الباحث الضوء على كل المُعوّقات، التي يرى أنّها  تعيق أعمال هيئات الرقابة الشرعية، مركّزاً دراسته على بيان الفتوى المختلف فيها. كما سيتطرَّق من خلال هذه الدراسة، للتطوّرات السريعة للمعاملات المصرفية، والتي تُعد من المستجدات والنوازل التي تحتاج إلى فقهاء مجتهدين؛ لإخراج حُكم شرعي لها مما تزخر به كتُبُ الشريعة الإسلامية. وقد اعتمد الباحث على المنهج التحليلي النقدي، والمنهج الاستنباطي، والتطبيقي، بُغية الوصول إلى النتائج المرجُوّة. وقد احتوت الدراسة على محوريْن: المحور الأول: تناول استشراف الفتوى ومُستقبلها في المصارف الإسلاميّة. والمحور الثاني: تناول الفتاوى المختلف فيها وأثرها على تطوير وتطبيق المنتجات الماليّة الإسلامية.

Fatwa is not an easy issue, as Allah (swt) has taken some of its responsibilities Himself e.g. His fatwa about those who leave no descendants or ascendants as heirs. The Prophet Muhammad (saw) has explained the fatwa of Allah (swt) and the scholars after him explained further. As a result of its importance, the Shariah encouraged conveyance of knowledge and warned against concealing it, and vowed to inflict curse of Allah, angles and the people as a whole on persons who are involved in this act. This warning is also extended to those who speak without knowledge. The researcher discusses the difference of fatwa in Islamic banks, noting that there is no difference between the muftis in the principles of Shariah, but the difference stems from the multiplicity of muftis’ views in some sub-matters. The researcher pointed out that the most prominent differences in fatwa was caused by the long distance between Islamic cities, and this difference arose in the different schools of jurisprudence for multiple factors, and in speculative matters due to differences in people’s minds and perceptions, as the differences was not the main goal, but the goal was to reach to a correct Shariah decision. And the diversity of fatwas by the muftis was a positive thing which is evidence of the capacity and flexibility of the Shariah. And that the recognized fatwa diversity is the one which is based on Shariah proof and other than that is rejected. Indeed, lack of specialized jurists in the contemporary Islamic transactions has caused problem of understanding many new fatwas on how to apply some products. The researcher will highlight all the obstacles, and explain the difference in fatwa. The researcher adopted the critical analytical approach and the deductive approach in order to achieve the desired results. The study consists of two parts: The first part addresses the outlook of fatwa and its future in Islamic banks. And the second part discusses differences of fatwa and its impact on the development and application of Islamic financial products.

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Published

2018-06-07

How to Cite

EDRIS, M. M. A. M. (2018). أثر مستقبل اختلاف الفتوى على تطبيق المنتجات المالية في المصارف الإسلاميّة: Future Impact of Difference of Fatwa on the Application of Financial Products in Islamic Banks. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 6(1), 259–292. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol6no1.98