Field Details Journal Title Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law Initials MJSL Frequency Three issues, approx. 45-75 articles per year (April, Aug. and Dec) DOI Prefix 10.33102/mjsl - Crossref linked ISSN 2590-4396 (online) and 1985-7454 (Print) Editor-in-Chief Baharuddin A. S. , Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia Managing Editor M. M. Sahid Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia Publisher Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) Citation Analysis Web of Science | Scopus | Google Scholar | Dimensions Peer Review Double Blind Review Revenue Sources Open Access (OA); Author-Pays The Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law (MJSL) Online ISSN: 2590-4396 and Print ISSN: 1985-7454 attracts a diverse international audience, showcasing multidisciplinary research across all topical themes of Syariah and Law. It addresses issues that transcend both intellectual and geographic boundaries and reports empirical results with broad implications. With guidance from an esteemed editorial board and meticulously selected reviewers, MJSL focuses on exploring significant, contemporary and ground-breaking discussions in the areas of Syariah and Law and welcomes new insights and directions for study in both fields. Published three times per year by the Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), MJSL is essential reading for academics, regulators, and experts in Syariah and Law. The editorial team is committed to open and critical dialogue and encourages scholarly papers from different disciplines, using diverse methodologies, and from all corners of the globe. The editorial board welcomes original contributions (written in Bahasa Melayu, English and Arabic) which have never been published or considered for publication by any other publishers. Authors are invited to submit manuscripts that fall within the scope of the MJSL. Please read the information on the peer-review process. The articles published in MJSL are going through a double-blind peer-review process. Hence, the decision on whether the scientific article is accepted or not, will be the Editorial Board’s right based on the peer reviewer's recommendation. Please read and understand the author's guidelines for the preparation manuscript. The author who submits a manuscript to the editors should comply with the author's guidelines and template. If the submitted manuscript does not comply with the guidelines or using a different format, it will be rejected by the editorial team before being reviewed. The editorial team will only accept a manuscript that meets the specified formatting requirements. As a mutually recognized space of knowledge sharing (intellectual community), MJSL also make links with international scholars and facilitate their contribution through periodically scholars intellectual dialogue, short communication and research articles. Manuscripts and all correspondence should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, via online submission system (OJS). This journal subscribes LOCKSS and CLOCKSS archival system based at Stanford University Libraries, United Kingdom, through PKP Private LOCKSS and CLOCKSS Network program. As to ensure the best adherence to community standards in MJSL archiving policy, MJSL is adherence to Sherpa Romeo archiving standards.
Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SHARIA GOVERNANCE AND SUPERVISORY AUTHORITY IN ISLAMIC BANKING OF INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA
One of the critical aspects in the development of Sharia banking is Sharia compliance, which differentiates Islamic banks from conventional banks. To ensure adherence to Sharia principles, a sound supervisory mechanism is required which is undertaken by the Sharia Supervisory Board (Dewan Pengawas Syariah, DPS). The aim of this study is to analyze the legal framework governing Sharia compliance supervision in Islamic banking in Indonesia and Malaysia, focusing on the role and authority of the DPS in each jurisdiction, using a qualitative research design based on fieldwork. The results show that those countries use a two level supervisory structure in Sharia governance. A Sharia fatwa council is obligated to standardize and harmonize Sharia rulings for the macro level, and institutional Sharia councils are responsible for overseeing the implementation of these fatwas within financial institutions at the micro level. The difference on the principal between both systems lies in the legal status of the fatwa council. In Malaysia, the Sharia Advisory Council (SAC) functions as a statutory body under the central bank, whereas in Indonesia, the Sharia National Council (Dewan Syariah Nasional) operates as a non-governmental organization under the Indonesian Islamic Scholar Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI). These organizational distinctions affect the legal standing and binding nature of the fatwas issued by each council.
Islamic Comparative Law / Comparative Law
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaenal Arifin, Rahma Aulia, Labib Nubahai, Muhammad Aunurrochim Mas'ad Saleh, Melinda Berliana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
SHARĪ’AH SUPERVISORY BOARDS IN MALAYSIAN ISLAMIC BANKS: EMERGING ISSUES, CHALLENGES, AND RESPONSES
This study investigated the key challenges that Sharī’ah Supervisory Boards (SSBs) face while performing their duties in Islamic banking in Malaysia. These challenges included institutional, operational, legal, jurisprudential, and professional obstacles, which impede SSB members from carrying out their responsibilities and tasks effectively. A significant issue highlighted in the study is the shortage of experts in Fiqh MuꜤāmalāt (Islamic transactions jurisprudence), complicating the development of new financial products, exploring innovative Ijtihād (independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law) trends, and discussing contemporary and emerging issues in Islamic finance. Given these challenges, the study aimed to analyze the hurdles facing SSBs and suggest solutions to address them. The study utilized both descriptive and analytical methods to understand the barriers and their link to directives issued by the Sharī’ah Advisory Council (SAC) of the Central Bank of Malaysia. Additionally, the study discussed the continuous evolution in the Islamic banking sector, which requires Sharī’ah rulings to adapt to changes in time and place through the expertise of well-informed jurists. The study’s key findings revealed a range of institutional, legal, operational, and jurisprudential challenges, with proposed solutions including strengthening the role of SSBs in banks, diversifying investment instruments, and encouraging Islamic financial engineering to create alternative Islamic banking products that align with Sharī’ah principles while meeting customer needs. These results offer valuable insights into the operation of Islamic banking in Malaysia and guide for addressing and resolving the challenges and difficulties encountered by SSBs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahmoud Mohamed Ali Mahmoud Edris, Mohamed Sharif Bashir Elsharif, Sidi Mohamed Sidi Ahmed , Hamza Abed Alkarim Hammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
APOSTASY PUNISHMENT IN ISLAMIC SCHOLARLY DISCOURSE: PERSPECTIVES AND IMPLICATIONS IN THE MALAYSIAN CONTEXT
This study explores the current academic debate on the punishment for apostasy within Islamic scholarship, focusing specifically on the Malaysian context. Traditionally, classical fiqh literature has prescribed the death penalty for apostasy, based on the view that renouncing Islam is both a theological error and a threat to community security and political stability. However, modern Muslim scholars are increasingly questioning this stance, arguing that it contradicts Qur’anic principles of freedom of belief and human dignity. The issue addressed in this study is the tension between classical legal positions, emerging reformist perspectives, and the existing legal framework in Malaysia, where laws vary from punitive measures in some states, such as Pahang, to counselling-based approaches in Negeri Sembilan. This research aims to analyse contemporary reinterpretations of the punishment for apostasy and assess their implications for Malaysia’s pluralist legal system. It particularly evaluates the viewpoints of three influential reformist scholars, Abdul Mutaal al-Soidi, Taha Jabir Al-Alwani, and Ahmad al-Raisūnī, who oppose capital punishment by emphasising the principles of Maqasid al-Shariah, including the protection of intellect, dignity, and freedom of belief. Methodologically, the study employs qualitative content analysis of primary legal texts, complemented by semi-structured interviews with officials from the Federal Territories Mufti Office and practising Syariah lawyers. Findings reveal a strong theoretical basis for reinterpreting apostasy as a matter of personal conscience rather than political rebellion, and for advocating a shift from coercive legal measures to education and dialogue. While classical jurists linked apostasy to political treason due to the sociopolitical realities of early Muslim societies, contemporary nation-states operate within different legal, constitutional and human rights frameworks. This makes a punitive approach less compatible with modern governance and more aligned with historical contingencies rather than universal principles. The study makes a global contribution by proposing an Islamic legal reform framework aligned with constitutional rights and international human rights standards, demonstrating how Islamic jurisprudence can evolve while maintaining its ethical foundations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Razali Musa, Kauthar Razali, Mohd Safri Ali, Muhammad Firdhaus Zulkifli, Nur Syahirah Mohammad Nasir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PENGURUSAN JENAZAH TIDAK SEMPURNA DALAM SITUASI PERANG, BENCANA DAN WABAK: TINJAUAN DARIPADA PERSPEKTIF ISLAM DAN SAINS FORENSIK
The management of deceased bodies in emergency situations such as war, major disasters, and infectious disease outbreaks presents extraordinary challenges from both Shariah and operational perspectives. In Islam, the management of the dead is a collective obligation (fardu kifayah). However, its implementation may be hindered when remains are incomplete, severely damaged, or mixed between Muslims and non-Muslims or in an emergency situation such as war. The issue becomes more complex in the presence of limited resources, chaotic environments and politics, and uncertainty in identifying the deceased. Therefore, a contextual and integrative approach that combines Islamic principles with forensic science is urgently needed. This article aims to analyse the management of incomplete remains in emergency contexts, particularly during conflict and large-scale disasters. It explores the management of remains during wartime, Islamic perspectives on handling incomplete bodies, differing scholarly views across the four major Sunni schools Hanafi, Maliki, Syafie, and Hanbali and forensic challenges in the identification and treatment of remains, especially where procedural conflicts arise between modern forensic protocols and Shariah principles. This study adopts a qualitative methodology using document analysis of both primary and secondary sources. The collected data are analysed thematically and presented according to key subthemes. Findings reveal significant differences in the legal opinions of the four schools regarding the minimum body part that necessitates funeral rites such as bathing, shrouding, and prayer. Forensic science plays a vital role in the ethical and systematic identification and disposal of remains, especially in cases involving unidentified or mixed bodies. This research underscores the importance of harmonising Islamic legal frameworks with modern forensic needs to preserve higher objectives of Islamic law (Maqasid Syariah) and Islamic religious sensitivity. Collaborative efforts between religious authorities and forensic institutions are proposed as essential to ensuring dignified management of the deceased, even under the most challenging conditions. Abstrak Pengurusan jenazah dalam situasi darurat seperti peperangan, bencana besar, dan wabak penyakit berjangkit menimbulkan cabaran luar biasa dari sudut Syariah dan operasi. Dalam Islam, pengurusan jenazah adalah suatu kewajipan fardu kifayah. Namun, pelaksanaannya boleh terhalang apabila jenazah berada dalam keadaan tidak sempurna, hancur, atau bercampur antara Muslim dan bukan Muslim ataupun dalam keadaan darurat seperti perang. Isu ini menjadi lebih kompleks apabila terdapat kekangan sumber, kekacauan lokasi dan politik, serta ketidaktentuan identiti jenazah. Oleh itu, pendekatan yang kontekstual dan integratif antara prinsip Islam dan sains forensik amat diperlukan. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis isu berkaitan pengurusan jenazah tidak sempurna dalam konteks darurat, khususnya semasa konflik dan bencana besar. Kajian ini memperincikan pengurusan jenmazah dalam situasi perang, konsep pengurusan jenazah tidak sempurna menurut Islam, perbezaan pandangan ulama mazhab utama berkaitan jasad yang tidak lengkap, serta cabaran dari perspektif forensik dalam proses pengecaman dan pengurusan jasad, termasuk konflik antara prosedur forensik moden dan prinsip Syariah. Bagi mencapai objektif tersebut, pengkaji menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, iaitu analisis dokumen terhadap data primer dan sekunder. Data yang dikumpulkan kemudiannya dianalisis secara tematik dan disusun mengikut subtema kajian. Hasil kajian menunjukkan wujud perbezaan signifikan antara pandangan empat mazhab utama iaitu Hanafi, Maliki, Syafie, dan Hanbali berhubung tahap minimum jasad yang mewajibkan pelaksanaan mandi, kafan, dan solat jenazah. Manakala forensik pula memainkan peranan penting dalam proses pengecaman dan pengurusan jenazah secara sistematik dan beretika, terutamanya bagi kes jenazah yang tidak dikenali atau bercampur. Kajian ini dilihat sangat penting untuk menyatukan prinsip hukum Islam dengan keperluan forensik moden agar pengurusan jenazah kekal terpelihara dari segi Maqasid Syariah dan sensitiviti agama Islam. Kerjasama antara institusi agama dan forensik dicadangkan sebagai kunci utama bagi memastikan penghormatan terhadap jenazah terus dijunjung, walaupun dalam keadaan paling mencabar.
Contemporary Islamic Issues/ Contemporary Legal Issues
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadiawati Abdul Razak, Mohamad Muntaha Saleh , Mohamad Aniq Aiman Alias https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
دور العقوبات التكميلية في حماية الضحايا في القانون العراقي: دراسة مقارنة
Complementary penalties are regarded as one of the law instruments applicable in the contemporary criminal justice systems that lie beyond the conventional parameters of criminal punishment since it can supplement the security of the victims of the crimes inflicted on them. Such punishments are not confined to deterrence punishment, but they serve a two-fold purpose of enhancing the victim feelings of security since the legal actions of restricting the offender help minimize chances of reoffending. In this regard, the French experience is leading the way, with explicit clauses in French law including banning contact with the victim or coming close to them, the use of new technological devices, like remote electronic monitoring. Conversely, the Iraqi law does have a distinct legislative weakness that is pointed out in the fact that it still does not directly cover victim protection by imposing complementary penalties, comparatively to the partial development of the recent Egyptian and Emirati legislations in the same area. This is where the significance of the given research lies because the practical difficulties in implementing these punishments have not yet been resolved. This study, using a comparative analytical method, aims to present a global reformist vision for complementary sanctions, with a focus on the Iraqi legislator. The paper ends with the results and recommendations on the legal provisions that may be included to complementary penalties in Iraq in a way that it guarantees that they are compatible with the international standards regarding the protection of the rights of those who have been harmed and help in establishing a balanced criminal justice system. ملخص البحث تعتبر العقوبات التكميلية إحدى الأدوات القانونية المستخدمة في منظومة العدالة الجنائية الحديثة، والتي تتجاوز النطاق التقليدي للعقوبة الجنائية، إذ إنّها ممكن أن تعزز حماية الضحايا من الجرائم المرتكبة. فالعقوبات التكميلية لا تُنحصر فقط في جزاءاتٍ رادعة بل تؤدي دورًا مضاعفا في تقوية شعور الضحية بالأمان، من خلال فرض قيود قانونية على الجاني تضمن الحدّ من احتمالية إعادة الفعل الإجرامي مرة أخرى. وتبرز في هذا السياق الخبرة الفرنسية بوصفها نموذجًا رائدًا، حيث تناول القانون الفرنسي نصوصا صريحة، كحظر الاتصال بالضحية أو الاقتراب منها، فضلًا عن استخدام أدوات تقنية حديثة كالمراقبة الإلكترونية عن بعد. وفي المقابل هناك قصورٍ تشريعي واضح في القانون العراقي، الذي لا يزال يفتقر إلى نصوص مباشرة تتناول حماية الضحايا عبر العقوبات التكميلية، مقارنة بما أحرزته القوانين المصرية والإماراتية الحديثة من تقدم جزئي في هذا المجال, وهنا تأتي أهميةُ هذهِ الدراسةِ؛ إذ لا تزال التحديات العملية مستمرة في تطبيق هذه العقوبات. فهذهِ الدراسةُ، وباستخدامِ المنهجِ التحليليِّ المقارن، تهدفُ إلى تقديمِ رؤيةٍ إصلاحيةٍ عالميةٍ للعقوباتِ التكميلية، مع التركيزِ على المُشرِّعِ العراقي، وتنتهي هذهِ الدراسةُ بنتائجٍ واقتراحاتٍ لنصوصٍ قانونيةٍ للعقوباتِ التكميليةِ في العراق، بشكلٍ يضمنُ اتساقَها مع المعاييرِ الدوليةِ في حمايةِ حقوقِ الضحايا ويُسهمُ في بناءِ نظامٍ متوازنٍ للعدالةِ الجنائية.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhia Moslem Abd Alameer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
الظّواهر الكونيّة: دراسة تحليليّة في مقاصدها ومنهج التّعامل معها من منظور الشّريعة الإسلاميّة
Throughout history, Allah Almighty has manifested His great signs among past nations through cosmic phenomena and natural calamities - such as earthquakes, floods, volcanoes, and hurricanes - which continue to occur in the present era. The recent disasters in Turkey, Libya, and Morocco serve as clear reminders for reflection and repentance. However, many people, having turned away from their Creator, interpret these events merely as natural occurrences unrelated to human deeds or divine will. This research seeks to explore the Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah (the objective of Islamic Law) concerning these cosmic phenomena, to refute the claim that they are disconnected from human actions, and to elucidate the Shariah-based approach in responding to them. The study adopts both inductive and analytical methodologies to derive its conclusions. The findings indicate that among the divine purposes behind the occurrence of such phenomena are warning and deterrence, punishment for sins, expiation of believers’ transgressions as a form of mercy, and retribution against wrongdoers. While these events may have identifiable material causes, they remain subject to Allah’s decree, and behind these natural causes lie moral and legal reasons rooted in human conduct. The Shariah prescribes a clear response to such occurrences: believers are urged to turn to Allah in repentance, humility, and prayer; increase remembrance and supplication; seek forgiveness; give charity; and engage in communal exhortation and moral reform. This research thus serves as a scholarly reference and educational guide, aiming to deepen Muslims’ understanding of the Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah regarding cosmic phenomena and to promote a balanced, faith-based approach to interpreting and responding to them. ملخّص البحث جرت سنّة الله -تعالى- في ‌الأمم الماضية إنزال آياته العظيمة، ولا تزال هذه الآيات والنّوازل الكونيّة تتوالى إلى يومنا هذا؛ من زلازل مدمّرة، وفيضانات مهلكة، وبراكين محرقة، وأعاصير جارفة، وغير ذلك من النّذر والآيات، وكان آخرها الزّلازل والأعاصير والفيضانات الّتي حدثت في تركيا وليبيا والمغرب، الّتي دمّرت مدنًا بأكملها، وهلك بها الآلاف من البشر. جعلها الله -تعالى- آيات للاتّعاظ والاعتبار، غير أنّ كثيرًا من النّاس، المعرضين عن خالقهم، يفسّرون هذه الأحداث على أنّها مجرّد ظواهر طبيعيّة، لا علاقة لها بأعمال البشر أو بإرادة الله -تعالى-. يهدف هذا البحث إلى استكشاف مقاصد الشّريعة الإسلاميّة المتعلّقة بهذه الظّواهر، والرّدّ على الزّعم القائل بانفصالها عن أفعال الإنسان، وبيان المنهج الشّرعي في التّعامل معها. وقد اعتمد الباحث المنهجين الاستقرائي والتّحليلي لتحقيق أهداف البحث، والوصول إلى نتائجه. وتُظهر النّتائج أنّ من مقاصد الله الحكيم في وقوع هذه الظّواهر: الإنذار والتّخويف، والعقوبة على الذّنوب والمعاصي، وتكفير خطايا المؤمنين رحمةً بهم، والانتقام من الظّالمين والمجرمين. رغم أنّ لهذه الظواهر أسبابًا مادّيّة معروفة، فإنّها تظلّ خاضعة لمشيئة الله -تعالى- وقضائه، وتكمن وراءها أسباب شرعيّة وأخلاقيّة ترتبط بسلوك الإنسان. وقد رسمت الشّريعة الإسلاميّة منهجًا واضحًا للتّعامل مع هذه االظّواهر، يتمثّل في الرّجوع إلى الله بالتّوبة والخضوع والدّعاء، والإكثار من ذكره واستغفاره، وبذل الصّدقات، وتذكير النّاس ووعظهم، والإصلاح الأخلاقي والاجتماعي. وعلى ضوء ذلك، فإنّ هذا البحث يُعدّ مرجعًا علميًّا ودليلًا تربويًّا يسعى إلى تعميق فهم المسلمين لمقاصد الشّريعة في شأن الظّواهر الكونيّة، وإلى ترسيخ رؤية متوازنة قائمة على الإيمان في تفسيرها والتّعامل معها.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muneer Ali Abdul Rab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PARAMETER PENGELUARAN FATWA DALAM KERANGKA MAQASID SYARIAH
This study develops a set of fatwa-issuing parameters grounded in the framework of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah through document analysis of classical works, contemporary scholarship, and resolutions of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy (IIFA). Based on the foundational principles of preserving religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property, the study identifies eight core parameters encompassing the validity of legal sources, the understanding of maqāṣid, the qualifications of the mufti, contextual and customary considerations, the balance between textual evidence and public interest (maṣlaḥah), institutional governance, social implications, and the necessity of collective ijtihād. Each parameter is examined systematically through an integration of normative and contextual approaches, taking into account technological advancement, emerging ethical concerns, and global socio-legal developments. The discussion is further supported by contemporary fatwas issued in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and leading national and international fatwa institutions, including the IIFA, the North American Fiqh Council (NAFC), and the Indonesian National Sharia Council – Majelis Ulama Indonesia (DSN-MUI). This study has also analysed some of the authoritative rulings made by the Shariah Advisory Council of the Malaysian Securities Commission in Malaysia. These demonstrate the adaptability of the maqāṣid framework in addressing modern and complex legal issues. The findings affirm that instituting maqāṣid-based parameters in a structured manner enhances the integrity of the iftāʾ process, reduces inconsistencies in fatwa issuance, and strengthens the credibility of fatwa institutions at both national and global levels. The study subsequently recommends that these parameters be empirically tested in specialised domains such as bioethics, artificial intelligence, and financial governance to reinforce the capacity of Islamic law to confront emerging future challenges. Abstrak Kajian ini membangunkan satu set parameter pengeluaran fatwa berasaskan kerangka Maqāṣid al-Syarīʿah melalui analisis dokumen terhadap karya klasik, kajian kontemporari, dan resolusi Majmaʿ al-Fiqh al-Islāmī al-Dawlī (IIFA). Berasaskan prinsip pemeliharaan agama, nyawa, akal, keturunan, dan harta benda, kajian ini mengenal pasti lapan parameter yang merangkumi keabsahan sumber hukum, pemahaman maqāṣid, kelayakan mufti, pertimbangan konteks dan adat, keseimbangan antara nas dan maslahat, tadbir urus institusi, implikasi sosial, serta keperluan ijtihad kolektif. Setiap parameter dianalisis secara sistematik melalui gabungan pendekatan normatif dan kontekstual, dengan mengambil kira perkembangan teknologi moden, persoalan etika, dan perubahan sosial global. Perbincangan turut disokong oleh fatwa kontemporari dari Malaysia, Singapura, Indonesia, dan institusi fatwa nasional serta antarabangsa termasuklah IIFA, Majlis Fatwa Amerika Utara (NAFC), dan Dewan Syariah Nasional – Majelis Ulama Indonesia (DSN-MUI) yang menggambarkan keanjalan kerangka maqāṣid dalam mendepani isu-isu kontemporari. Kajian ini juga menganalisis sebahagian keputusan berautoritatif Majlis Penasihat Syariah, Suruhanjaya Sekuriti Malaysia (SC) di Malaysia. Dapatan kajian menegaskan bahawa parameter berasaskan maqāṣid yang diinstitusikan secara tersusun dapat meningkatkan keutuhan proses iftā’, mengurangkan percanggahan fatwa, dan mengukuhkan kredibiliti institusi fatwa di peringkat nasional dan global. Kajian ini seterusnya mencadangkan agar parameter ini diuji dalam bidang khusus seperti bioetika, kecerdasan buatan dan tadbir urus kewangan bagi memperkukuh keupayaan Syarak menghadapi cabaran masa depan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Manan Ismail, Ahmad Syukran Baharuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A REVIEW OF PREDATORY PRICING REGULATIONS IN DIGITAL BUSINESS IN INDONESIA: ISLAMIC LAW APPROACH
This study examines the need for regulating predatory pricing in Indonesia’s digital business. The rise of digital businesses, both marketplace-based and social media-based, has recently created a new phenomenon where large producers enter the market at prices significantly below the prevailing rates. This situation poses challenges, as these significantly lower prices offered by producers can threaten the sustainability of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Moreover, the absence of clear regulations regarding trading through social media at below-market prices could potentially lead to monopolies by large business actors. This study employs a normative juridical research method using legislative and conceptual approaches to analyse the adequacy of existing competition law in regulating predatory pricing within the digital economy. Relevant statutory instruments are examined alongside conceptual developments in predatory pricing theory to assess their applicability to digital market structures. Furthermore, this study integrates maslahah theory as a normative analytical framework to evaluate regulatory objectives in light of public interest, economic justice, and market sustainability. The findings demonstrate that regulating predatory pricing in digital markets is imperative to maintaining price stability, protecting MSMEs, and ensuring national economic resilience. More importantly, the study reveals that conventional predatory pricing standards require contextual adaptation to address the unique characteristics of digital platforms, including network effects, data-driven market power, and cross-subsidisation strategies. At the global level, this research contributes to the evolving discourse on digital competition law by offering a perspective from a developing economy with a strong MSME orientation. The integration of maslahah theory provides an alternative normative framework that complements law-and-economics approaches, offering comparative insights for policymakers and scholars seeking inclusive, ethical, and sustainable regulatory models for digital markets worldwide.
Copyright (c) 1970 Adi Nur Rohman, Dwi Andayani Budisetyowati, Palmawati Tahir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
GAZA AND THE FAILURE OF R2P: UNVEILING SYSTEMIC CHALLENGES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND GEOPOLITICS
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is an international commitment aimed at preventing humanitarian catastrophes. Nevertheless, in contrast to this admirable objective, the execution of R2P in Gaza reveals a situation that is quite depressing. The ongoing humanitarian crisis in the region, marked by unacceptable violence, raises profound questions about the international community’s failure to effectively implement R2P. This study analyzes the gap between the theoretical concept of R2P, its practical application, and the geopolitical complexities in Gaza. Although many studies have discussed the obstacles to implementing R2P, only a few have reviewed in depth how this principle failed to be implemented in Gaza. It cannot be separated from various global political interests and weaknesses in international law and institutions. Although many studies have discussed the obstacles to implementing R2P, only a few have reviewed in depth how this principle failed to be implemented in Gaza. It cannot be separated from various global political interests and weaknesses in international law and institutions. This paper conducts a qualitative analysis of key international law documents, such as UN resolutions and humanitarian agency reports, as well as relevant literature and case studies. The results of this study reveal the systemic weaknesses of international law against global political factors, such as the influence of the power of major powers, the use of veto rights in the Security Council, and very inadequate law enforcement mechanisms. These findings demonstrate the failure of the international community to protect the lives of Gaza’s civilians. The study calls for reforms in international governance to ensure that R2P can serve as a real instrument to protect the population of Gaza.
Islamic International Law / International Law
Copyright (c) 2025 Malahayati Rahman, Adwani Adwani, Suhaidi Suhaidi, Laila M. Rasyid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
المسؤولية المدنية عن أنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي المستقلة في ظل القانون الإماراتي
The quick growth of self-sufficient artificial intelligence (AI) systems has brought about different legal problems, especially with regard to the hanging question of who should be liable for damages caused by AI without direct human involvement. It also questions the capacity of the classical principles of tort law, namely fault and causation to provide sufficient compensation and accountability. The paper evaluates the issue of civil liability for the destructive activities of AI systems under the UAE Civil Transactions Law with an eye on the current proposals that are inclined towards the acceptance of the legal personality of AI. A footprint of the doctrinal and analytical methodology is seen in the study as it critiques and discusses the comparative legal debates, mainly the recent European and UK approaches, and then checks their applicability to the Emirati legal system. The study concludes that the conferring of legal personality to AI does not provide a viable solution to the problem of liability and, by the same token, it might deprive the victim of proper protection as there are no elements such as intention, legal capacity, and independent assets. Conversely, the regulation of the situation can effectively work out through the mechanism of holding human actors liable wherein, mandatory insurance and compensation arrangements for the AI systems operating at high risk levels are availed as the supporting structures. ملخص البحث أدّى التطور المتسارع لأنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي المستقلة إلى بروز تحديات قانونية معقّدة، ولا سيما في مجال المسؤولية المدنية عن الأضرار التي قد تنشأ عن تشغيل هذه الأنظمة دون تدخل بشري مباشر. ويطرح هذا الواقع إشكالية جوهرية تتمثل في مدى كفاية قواعد المسؤولية التقصيرية التقليدية، القائمة على الخطأ والسببية، في التعامل مع مخاطر الذكاء الاصطناعي، خاصة في ظل صعوبة تحديد الفاعل المسؤول وضمان التعويض الفعّال للمتضرّرين. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل مدى إمكانية إسناد المسؤولية المدنية عن أضرار أنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي المستقلة في إطار قانون المعاملات المدنية الإماراتي، مع تقييم الطروحات المعاصرة الداعية إلى منح هذه الأنظمة شخصية قانونية مستقلة. وتعتمد الدراسة المنهج التحليلي الدوكتِريني، من خلال فحص الأسس القانونية للمسؤولية المدنية، وتحليل النقاشات الفقهية المقارنة، ولا سيما التوجهات الأوروبية والبريطانية الحديثة في مجال تنظيم المسؤولية عن الذكاء الاصطناعي. وتخلص الدراسة إلى أنّ منح الشخصية القانونية لأنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي لا يُعد حلًا عمليًا لإشكالية المسؤولية المدنية، بل قد يؤدي إلى إضعاف حماية المتضرّرين وفتح المجال للتهرب من المسؤولية، نظرًا لغياب الذمة المالية والاستقلال القانوني الحقيقي لهذه الأنظمة. كما تُظهر النتائج أنّ تنظيم المسؤولية المدنية عن أضرار الذكاء الاصطناعي يمكن تحقيقه بوسائل أكثر فاعلية، من خلال مساءلة الأطراف البشرية المرتبطة بسلسلة التصميم والتشغيل، مدعومة بآليات مكملة مثل التأمين الإجباري وصناديق التعويض للأنظمة عالية الخطورة. وتسهم هذه الدراسة في سدّ فجوة بحثية قائمة في الأدبيات القانونية العربية، من خلال تقديم تحليل معياري متكامل للمسؤولية المدنية عن الذكاء الاصطناعي في السياق القانوني الإماراتي، بما يوازن بين حماية الحقوق وتشجيع الابتكار التقني.
Islamic Law and Society / Law and Society
qānūn al-mu‘āmalāt al-madaniyyah al-imārātī
Copyright (c) 2025 Saeed Salem Khalifa Almazrouei, Siti Aisyah Samudin, Mahamatayuding Samah, Hanira Hanafi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PEMBUBARAN PERKAHWINAN BAGI NIKAH SYUBHAH YANG DIRAGUI
The issue of marriage dissolution arising from nikah syubhah (doubtful marriage) is not unfamiliar within Malaysian society. This includes cases involving the annulment of marriages berween two siblings who were married under the guardianship of their older brother, who was classified as an Anak Tak Sah Taraf (ATST) (child born out of wedlock). However, the brother’s status as an ATST was determined solely by comparing his birth date with the date of their parent's marriage, which was less than six months apart. Despite the fact that his birth was premature, as confirmed by their living mother, the religious officer insisted on his illegitimacy and ordered the annulment of the marriages. Accordingly, this article aims to analyse the status of a premature-born guardian in Islamic law and the implications of marriage dissolution in doubtful cases of nikah syubhah. This study adopts an interpretive philosophy and employs a case study as its research strategy. A qualitative research design was used, combining document analysis and semi-structured interviews involving the affected individuals, psychologists, and psychiatrists. The data obtained were analysed using thematic content analysis. The findings indicate that the case does not, in fact, involve a valid nikah syubhah as sensationalised by the officials, but rather a dispute concerning the doubtful status of syubhah itself. Although the elder brother who served as the guardian (wali) in this case was born prematurely, less than six months after the solemnisation of his parents’ second marriage, he is still classified as a legitimate child according to Islamic law. As a result of this negligence, all parties involved experienced psychological burdens such as depression and emotional distress, with 17 symptoms identified. In conclusion, the relevant authorities must take a more serious stance in addressing attitudes of complacency, negligence, and lack of responsibility at all levels of governance, particularly within government departments that manage Islamic affairs. Further research is required to evaluate the extent to which the principle of tabayyun (verification) is applied by the court in handling such cases. ABSTRAK Isu pembubaran perkahwinan akibat pernikahan syubhah bukanlah perkara asing dalam kalangan masyarakat di Malaysia. Hal ini termasuklah kes pembubaran perkahwinan yang melibatkan dua pasangan adik-beradik yang dinikahkan oleh abang mereka sebagai wali, walaupun beliau diklasifikasikan sebagai anak tidak sah taraf (ATST). Namun begitu, pengesahtarafan status ATST abang tersebut hanyalah dibuktikan melalui perbandingan tarikh kelahirannya dengan tarikh pernikahan ibu bapa mereka yang kurang daripada tempoh enam bulan. Sedangkan kelahirannya adalah pramatang dan telah diperakui oleh saksi hidup iaitu ibunya sendiri. Walau bagaimanapun, pegawai agama yang bertugas tetap menegaskan status ATST dan mengarahkan pembubaran perkahwinan. Sehubungan itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis status pengesahtarafan wali kelahiran pramatang menurut hukum syarak dan kesan-kesan pembubaran perkahwinan bagi nikah syubhah yang diragui. Kajian ini berteraskan falsafah interpretatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kajian kes sebagai strategi penyelidikan. Reka bentuk kajian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan menggabungkan kaedah analisis dokumen dan temu bual separa berstruktur yang melibatkan mangsa keadaan, pakar psikologi serta pakar psikiatri. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan dokumen secara tematik. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa isu ini sebenarnya bukanlah berkaitan dengan nikah syubhah seperti yang digembar-gemburkan oleh pegawai bertugas, sebaliknya hanya melibatkan keraguan terhadap status syubhah tersebut. Meskipun abang yang menjadi wali dalam kes ini dilahirkan secara pramatang, iaitu kurang daripada enam bulan dari waktu akad nikah kedua ibu bapanya, beliau tetap dikategorikan sebagai anak yang sah taraf menurut hukum syarak. Kesan daripada kecuaian ini, semua pihak yang terlibat mengalami beban psikologi seperti kemurungan dan tekanan emosi dengan 17 gejala yang telah dikenal pasti. Tuntasnya, pihak berwajib perlu lebih serius menangani sikap sambil lewa, kecuaian dan kurang rasa tanggungjawab dalam semua peringkat urus tadbir, khususnya di jabatan kerajaan yang mengurus hal ehwal Islam. Kajian lanjutan diperlukan bagi menilai sejauh mana konsep tabayyun diaplikasikan oleh pihak mahkamah dalam menangani kes-kes seumpama ini.
nikah syubhah (marriage under doubtful circumstances)
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Mustaqim Roslan, Ainul Mardhiah Zabidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
DISCOVERING HALAL TOURISM’S FOOTPRINTS: A BIBLIOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE ON BUSINESS RESEARCH USING SCOPUS DATA (1997–2023)
Halal tourism has emerged as a significant segment within the global tourism industry, driven by increasing demand for travel experiences that align with Islamic values. Despite this upward trend, there remains a lack of systematic research mapping publication patterns and dominant themes in the field. This study addresses that gap by analyzing the evolution and thematic development of halal tourism scholarship, while also identifying potential opportunities for business innovation. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using R Studio Biblioshiny (Bibliometrix) on 306 Scopus-indexed documents. The results reveal key thematic clusters, including halal hospitality, the halal industry, halal food, customer satisfaction, and emerging areas such as confirmatory factor analysis and behavioural intention. The analysis indicates steady growth in scholarly output, with an annual publication increase of 6.39% between 1997 and 2023, and an average of 10.2 citations per document. Influential journals play a central role in shaping the knowledge base, while robust international collaborations—particularly among researchers from Indonesia and Malaysia—highlight the potential for cross-national innovation. The growing focus on consumer perceptions, customer satisfaction, and branding strategies rooted in Islamic values points to substantial opportunities for industry and destination development. By mapping the intellectual structure, key research themes, and collaboration networks, this study offers a comprehensive reference for future research directions and informs evidence-based policy and industry strategies in halal tourism.
Islamic Law Related to Halal Studies / Law on Halal and Consumerism
Copyright (c) 1970 Nur Syamsu, Hariyanto Hariyanto, Syaakir Sofyan , A. Syathir Sofyan, Ghifari Yuristiadhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0