Journal title Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law Initials MJSL Abbreviation Malaysian J. of Syariah and Law ISSN 2590-4396 (online) and 1985-7454 (Print) Frequency Three issues, approx. 45-75 articles per year (April, Aug. and Dec) DOI Prefix 10.33102/mjsl - Crossref linked Editor-in-chief Baharuddin A. S. , Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia Managing Editor M. M. Sahid Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia Publisher Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) Citation Analysis Web of Science | Scopus | Google Scholar | Dimensions Peer Review Double Blind Review Revenue Sources Open Access (OA); Author-Pays The Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law (MJSL) Online ISSN: 2590-4396 and Print ISSN: 1985-7454 attracts a diverse international audience, showcasing multidisciplinary research across all topical themes of Syariah and Law. It addresses issues that transcend both intellectual and geographic boundaries and reports empirical results with broad implications. With guidance from an esteemed editorial board and meticulously selected reviewers, MJSL focuses on exploring significant, contemporary and ground-breaking discussions in the areas of Syariah and Law and welcomes new insights and directions for study in both fields. Published three times per year by the Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), MJSL is essential reading for academics, regulators, and experts in Syariah and Law. The editorial team is committed to open and critical dialogue and encourages scholarly papers from different disciplines, using diverse methodologies, and from all corners of the globe. The editorial board welcomes original contributions (written in Bahasa Melayu, English and Arabic) which have never been published or considered for publication by any other publishers. Authors are invited to submit manuscripts that fall within the scope of the MJSL. Please read the information on the peer-review process. The articles published in MJSL are going through a double-blind peer-review process. Hence, the decision on whether the scientific article is accepted or not, will be the Editorial Board’s right based on the peer reviewer's recommendation. Please read and understand the author's guidelines for the preparation manuscript. The author who submits a manuscript to the editors should comply with the author's guidelines and template. If the submitted manuscript does not comply with the guidelines or using a different format, it will be rejected by the editorial team before being reviewed. The editorial team will only accept a manuscript that meets the specified formatting requirements. As a mutually recognized space of knowledge sharing (intellectual community), MJSL also make links with international scholars and facilitate their contribution through periodically scholars intellectual dialogue, short communication and research articles. Manuscripts and all correspondence should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief, via online submission system (OJS). This journal subscribes LOCKSS and CLOCKSS archival system based at Stanford University Libraries, United Kingdom, through PKP Private LOCKSS and CLOCKSS Network program. As to ensure the best adherence to community standards in MJSL archiving policy, MJSL is adherence to Sherpa Romeo archiving standards.
Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
MALAYSIAN COMMUNICATION AND MULTIMEDIA COMMISSION'S (MCMC) LAW ENFORCEMENT SPECTRUM: EXPLORING ARREST AUTHORITY
The Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) regulates multimedia and communication activities and plays a role in protecting consumers from harms such as online scams and digital fraud. However, it is rather ironic that the unit mandated to receive public complaints about scams does not have the power to make an arrest upon the presentation of sufficient proof, a task that often rests with the Royal Malaysian Police Department (RMPD). Therefore, this study examines a key enforcement gap in the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission’s (MCMC) role, specifically its lack of arrest powers when handling scam-related complaints. It highlights the challenges this limitation poses and proposes the inclusion of arrest authority to strengthen MCMC’s enforcement effectiveness. In doing so, this study employed a qualitative research method in which data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with officers from the MCMC, the RMPD, and the Ministry of Communications and Multimedia. Secondary data were gathered from internet sources, relevant legislations, and journals to illustrate the law in this area. Upon analysing the primary and secondary data, the researchers found that it is imperative to grant arrest power to the MCMC due to the challenges encountered in carrying out its tasks. The outcomes of this study can facilitate the Parliament in passing a law to confer the power of arrest to the MCMC through the current legislation, thus reducing the burden of the RMPD in making arrests related to media and communication cases. The public directly benefits from this study as it raises their confidence to lodge complaints with the MCMC, knowing fully well that the commission possesses the power to make an immediate arrest.
lslamic Legal Administration / Administrative Law
Copyright (c) 2025 Mimi Sofiah Ahmad Mustafa, Yuhanza Othman, Nasihah Naimat, Ida Rahayu Mahat, Marziana Abd Malib, Mohd Ab Malek Md Shah, Muhammad Arif Haron https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
الضّوابط الدستوريّة لقانون الدّفاع الأردنيّ: دراسة جائحة كورونا
This study aims to analyze the Jordanian experience in applying Defense Law No. (13) of 1992 during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the first actual case of its implementation since its enactment, in light of comparative constitutional standards and international human rights norms. The experience revealed significant organizational gaps in balancing the demands of crisis management with the protection of public rights and freedoms, amid the absence of clear constitutional safeguards governing the declaration of a state of emergency or the exercise of exceptional powers. In this context, the role of the King emerged as the supreme guarantor of constitutional legitimacy, by establishing referential controls over government powers in the absence of parliamentary and judicial oversight, laying the foundation for emerging constitutional conventions. The study concludes on the necessity of constitutionalizing the principles of exceptional legitimacy, by entrenching the roles of the parliament and the constitutional court as effective supervisory bodies during emergency conditions, thus enhancing democracy and the rule of law, and balancing public order with the protection of rights. It also recommends reconsidering Articles (124) and (125) of the Constitution to ensure the participation of the House of Representatives in declaring a state of emergency, prohibiting its dissolution during such periods, and granting the constitutional court the authority to monitor the continuation of the exceptional circumstances.Furthermore, the study proposes amending the Defense Law by including a provision that defines the legal status of defense orders as administrative decisions subject to appeal before administrative courts, and revising Articles (6) and (7) to avoid confusion between administrative orders and criminal penalties, thereby preserving the principle of separation of powers and protecting the legislative competence of the parliament. ملخص البحث تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل التجربة الأردنية الأولى في تطبيق قانون الدفاع رقم (13) لسنة 1992 خلال جائحة كورونا، كأول حالة فعليّة لتفعيله منذ سنّه، وفق المنهج التحليلي النقدي للأسس القانونية والواقعية لتفعيل قانون الدفاع رقم (13) لسنة 1992 في الأردن، مع التركيز على صلاحيات السلطة التنفيذية في الطوارئ في سياق تحليل النصوص الدستورية والتشريعية ذات الصلة وموقف القضاء الإداري في ضوء مدى اتساقها مع المعايير الدستوريّة المقارنة والمعايير الدوليّة لحقوق الإنسان. وقد كشفت التجربة عن ثغرات تنظيمية جوهرية في ضبط العلاقة بين متطلبات إدارة الأزمات وضمان الحقوق والحريات العامة، في ظل غياب ضوابط دستورية واضحة تحكم إعلان حالة الطوارئ أو تطبيق السلطات الاستثنائيّة. وفي هذا السّياق، برز دور الملك بوصفه الضامن الأعلى للشرعية الدستوريّة، من خلال إرساء ضوابط مرجعيّة لصلاحيات الحكومة في ظل غياب الرقابة البرلمانيّة والقضائيّة، التي أسست لبوادر أعراف دستوريّة. خلصت الدراسة إلى ضرورة دسترة مبادئ الشرعية الاستثنائيّة، عبر تكريس دور البرلمان والمحكمة الدستورية كأداتين رقابيتين فعّالتين في الظروف الطارئة، بما يعزز الديمقراطية وسيادة القانون، ويوازن بين النظام العام وحماية الحقوق. كما توصي بإعادة النظر في المادتين (124) و(125) من الدستور، لضمان إشراك مجلس النواب في إعلان حالة الطوارئ، وحظر حله أثناء سريانها، إضافة إلى منح المحكمة الدستورية صلاحية مراقبة مدى استمرار الظرف الاستثنائيّ. وتقترح الدراسة تعديل قانون الدفاع بإدراج نص يحدد القيمة القانونية لأوامر الدفاع باعتبارها قرارات إداريّة قابلة للطعن أمام القضاء الإداري، وإعادة صياغة المادتين (6) و(7) منه لتفادي الخلط بين الأوامر الإدارية والعقوبات الجزائية، بما يصون مبدأ الفصل بين السلطات ويحمي الاختصاص التشريعي للبرلمان.
Islamic International Law / International Law
Islamic Comparative Law / Comparative Law
Contemporary Islamic Issues/ Contemporary Legal Issues
Copyright (c) 2025 Saif Ziad Aljunidi, Farah Alshanik, Ahmad Aqeil Alzaqibh, Hazem Suleiman Toubat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HAK CIPTA PENULISAN DARI PERSPEKTIF ISLAM DAN UNDANG-UNDANG MALAYSIA
Copyright is a fundamental form of intellectual property protection that ensures written works are not misused and that original creators receive due recognition. In today’s digital era and the rapidly evolving publishing industry, copyright infringement has become increasingly prevalent, including within the Muslim community. Although civil legislation such as the Copyright Act 1987 has been enacted in Malaysia to address this issue, confusion persists among Muslim authors and publishers regarding the Islamic legal perspective on copyright. The central question is whether copyright is recognised as a legitimate form of property under Islamic law, and to what extent the protection provided by Malaysian law aligns with the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). This study examines the concept of copyright in authorship from both Islamic legal and Malaysian legal perspectives, focusing on the moral and legal principles that uphold the rights of authors and their intellectual property. In Islam, the concepts of trust (amanah) and sincerity (ikhlas) play a crucial role in ensuring that intellectual creations are respected, consistent with Shariah principles that emphasize ethics in all forms of conduct, including writing and publishing. The study employs a textual analysis approach, reviewing fatwas and scholarly opinions on copyright, alongside a legal analysis of the provisions within the Copyright Act 1987. The findings highlight both the parallels and divergences between Islamic legal principles and Malaysian statutory provisions in safeguarding copyright. This research offers valuable insights into the harmony between civil and Shariah law in protecting authorship rights and proposes practical recommendations for Muslim writers and publishers in adhering to ethical and legal standards. Ultimately, this study contributes to greater awareness of the importance of copyright protection in fostering ethical scholarly development and responsible intellectual discourse. Abstrak Hak cipta merupakan satu bentuk perlindungan harta intelek yang penting dalam memastikan hasil penulisan tidak disalah guna dan pencipta asal mendapat pengiktirafan yang sewajarnya. Dalam era digital dan dunia penerbitan yang semakin berkembang pesat, isu pelanggaran hak cipta semakin ketara, termasuk dalam kalangan masyarakat Muslim. Walaupun undang-undang sivil seperti Akta Hak Cipta 1987 telah digubal bagi menangani isu ini, masih terdapat kekeliruan dalam kalangan penulis dan penerbit Muslim mengenai kedudukan hukum syariah terhadap hak cipta. Persoalan yang timbul adalah sama ada hak cipta ini diiktiraf sebagai harta yang sah dalam Islam, dan sejauh mana perlindungan yang diberikan oleh undang-undang Malaysia selari dengan prinsip fiqh. Kajian ini meneliti konsep hak cipta dalam penulisan daripada perspektif undang-undang Islam dan undang-undang di Malaysia, dengan memberi fokus kepada prinsip moral dan perundangan dalam menghormati hak penulis serta harta intelek mereka. Dalam Islam, konsep amanah dan keikhlasan memainkan peranan penting dalam memastikan hasil karya dihargai, selaras dengan kehendak syariah yang menitikberatkan etika dalam setiap urusan termasuk penulisan. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis tekstual terhadap pandangan ulama dan fatwa berkaitan hak cipta, serta analisis dokumen terhadap peruntukan dalam Akta Hak Cipta 1987. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan persamaan dan perbezaan antara prinsip fiqh Islam dan peruntukan undang-undang Malaysia dalam melindungi hak cipta. Kajian ini memberi sumbangan penting kepada pemahaman masyarakat berkenaan keselarasan antara undang-undang sivil dan syariah dalam menjaga hak penulisan, serta menawarkan cadangan praktikal kepada penulis dan penerbit Muslim dalam mematuhi etika penulisan dan perundangan. Implikasinya, ia membantu meningkatkan kesedaran terhadap peranan perlindungan hak cipta dalam pembangunan intelektual dan penerbitan ilmiah yang beretika.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mushaddad Hasbullah, Hashim Ahmad Shiyuti, Abdul Manan, Ahmad Zaki Salleh, Mohamad Zaharuddin Zakaria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
BATTLING SHADOWS: ANALYSING THE TALIBAN-TTP NEXUS IN POST-2021 SECURITY DYNAMICS USING NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING (NLP)
This study examines the evolving relationship between Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and the Afghan Taliban within the broader context of Pakistan’s counter-terrorism efforts and regional security environment following the United States (U.S.) withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the research draws on a diverse corpus of news reports, official statements, and scholarly sources in English, Urdu, and Farsi. Our analysis focuses on the period post-September 1, 2021, using data from the Nexis Uni academic database. Employing Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), the study analyses 2,889 articles to identify thematic patterns and discursive trends. A customised analytical framework categorises the findings into four key components: motivational, religious, ethno-racial, and administrative. By mapping these dimensions, the study offers insights into the factors shaping Pakistan’s strategic posture and decision-making. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on terrorism, counter-terrorism, and regional security in South and Central Asia, with a particular focus on the post-2021 dynamics between Pakistan, the Afghan Taliban, and the TTP.
Copyright (c) 2025 Scott N. Romaniuk, Mostafa Amini, Anwar Ouassini, László Csicsmann https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ANALYSING MINISTERIAL REASONS FOR BANNING BOOKS UNDER THE PRINTING PRESSES AND PUBLICATIONS ACT 1984
The publication of books reflects the advancement of a country’s civilisation. This right is affirmed by Article 10(1) of the Federal Constitution (FC), which guarantees every person the right to freedom of speech and expression. However, this right is subject to certain limitations that may be imposed by Parliament, as prescribed in Article 10(2) of the FC. Among the laws governing this freedom is the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 (Act 301) (PPPA 1984). Section 7(1) of the PPPA 1984 empowers the Minister to prohibit publications whose content is, or is likely to be, prejudicial to public order, morality and security or other specified interests. An issue arises from Section 7 of the PPPA 1984, which lacks clarity regarding the requirement for the Minister to provide reasons when banning a publication. This research adopts a doctrinal approach, involving detailed analysis of the FC, the PPPA 1984, relevant case law, and scholarly writings in this area. The research finds that, although Section 7(1) of the PPPA 1984 does not explicitly require the Minister to provide reasons for issuing a ban, judicial decisions have established the necessity of doing so when executive discretion is exercised. The research proposes amending the section, considering the Court of Appeal’s case of Menteri Dalam Negeri & Anor v Chong Ton Sin (t/a Gerakbudaya Enterprise) & Anor (2024) 1 MLJ 611, where not only must the Minister state the reason for a ban as provided in section 7 of the Act, but also briefly explain it. Such a requirement would enhance transparency in governance by ensuring that ministerial decisions are clear and comprehensible, thereby aligning with the principles of natural justie.
Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohd Safri Mohammed Na'aim, Mohd Zamree Mohd Zahir, Ramalinggam Rajamanickam, Nur Khalidah Dahlan, Hasnizam Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE IMPORTANCE OF PROBATION REPORTS IN DETERMINING EFFECTIVE REHABILITATION ORDERS UNDER THE MALAYSIAN CHILD ACT 2001: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Children who come into conflict with the law often do so due to unfavourable social environments, and exposure to the harsh criminal justice system can have long-term detrimental effects. Recognising that institutionalisation is not always the best solution, modern legal frameworks emphasise rehabilitation over punishment, aligning with the best interests of the child. Previous research argues that due to their immaturity and inability to distinguish right from wrong, society should give children a chance to be rehabilitated so that they can become good citizens. However, it is crucial not to send the wrong message to the community, suggesting that children will be treated leniently for criminal behaviour. Courts must therefore carefully determine when a child offender should be placed in a correctional institution and when community-based rehabilitation is more appropriate. In this article, the authors will examine the significance of probation reports in assisting the court in determining an appropriate order for child offenders. This study evaluates how probation reports influence sentencing decisions through an analysis of relevant case law and a comparative review of legal approaches in jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom and Australia. To achieve the objectives set for this article, the authors have adopted a qualitative approach. This involves analysing relevant texts and case law in Malaysia, as well as comparing practices in the United Kingdom and Singapore to identify best practices and common challenges. This article provides a critical analysis of the legal aspects, offering insightful perspectives on efforts to ensure that orders issued by the Court For Children, with valuable input from probation reports, are suitable for the rehabilitation of child offenders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jal Zabdi Mohd Yusoff, Zulazhar Tahir, Siti Zaharah Jamaluddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PEMERKASAAN BAHAGIAN SOKONGAN KELUARGA JABATAN KEHAKIMAN SYARIAH NEGERI SELANGOR MENGIKUT UNDANG-UNDANG SYARIAH DI MALAYSIA
The issue of non-compliance in paying maintenance is one that often arises in marriage, especially after divorce. Ideally, such issues should not occur to the extent that intervention from the Shari‘ah Court is required to compel a father to support his own child. Due to the severity of this problem, the authorities have taken the initiative to establish the Family Support Division (BSK) under the Malaysian Shari‘ah Judiciary Department (JKSM). The BSK was established as a result of the 46th National Council Conference of Malaysian Islamic Religious Affairs held on 7 June 2007 in Putrajaya, chaired by Malaysia’s fifth Prime Minister, Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. However, the question arises as to whether the BSK, along with its functions and implementation, needs to be gazetted to be effective in the Shari‘ah Courts, or whether a specific provision should be added to the Administrative Act/Enactment to demonstrate its source of authority. This study aims to identify the functions and roles of the BSK in the procedure for implementing and enforcing maintenance orders, analyse the problems faced by the BSK in enforcing current or outstanding orders, and propose solutions to these issues. The research adopts a qualitative methodology, with data collected from primary and secondary sources such as judicial books, religious texts, theses, and relevant journal articles. A total of five officials were interviewed. The findings indicate weaknesses in the legal aspects relating to the establishment of the BSK. Further studies may be undertaken to examine the need for drafting or amending laws to empower the Family Support Division in Malaysia, including the enactment of new legislation on enforcement procedures and the execution of orders in the Shari‘ah Courts, to achieve its objectives. Abstrak Isu pengabaian nafkah merupakan perkara yang sering berlaku sama ada dalam perkahwinan, apatah lagi setelah berlakunya perceraian. Sepatutnya, tidak wajar timbul isu pemberian nafkah sehingga memerlukan campur tangan pihak lain seperti Mahkamah Syariah untuk memerintahkan seorang bapa menyara anaknya sendiri. Melihat kepada keruncingan masalah pengabaian perintah mahkamah berkaitan pemberian nafkah, pihak berkuasa sekali lagi mengambil inisiatif dengan menubuhkan Bahagian Sokongan Keluarga (BSK) di bawah Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia (JKSM). BSK ditubuhkan hasil daripada Mesyuarat Majlis Kebangsaan bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia kali ke-46 pada 7 Jun 2007 di Putrajaya yang dipengerusikan oleh mantan Y.A.B. Perdana Menteri Malaysia ke-5, Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. Persoalannya, adakah BSK, termasuk amalan dan pelaksanaannya, perlu diwartakan bagi mengesahkan penggunaannya di Mahkamah Syariah, atau perlu diwujudkan satu peruntukan khusus di dalam Akta/Enakmen Pentadbiran untuk menunjukkan punca kuasanya. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti fungsi dan peranan BSK dalam prosedur pelaksanaan serta penguatkuasaan perintah nafkah, menganalisis permasalahan pelaksanaan dan penguatkuasaan yang dihadapi BSK dalam menguatkuasakan perintah nafkah atau perintah nafkah tertunggak, serta mencadangkan penyelesaian terhadap setiap permasalahan tersebut. Metodologi kajian adalah berbentuk kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan daripada sumber primer dan sekunder seperti buku berkaitan kehakiman, jurnal, kitab turath, kajian ilmiah melalui tesis, dan artikel jurnal yang relevan. Sebanyak lima orang pegawai telah ditemu bual oleh penulis. Hasil kajian mendapati terdapat kelemahan dari segi undang-undang berhubung penubuhan BSK. Kajian lanjut boleh dijalankan untuk meneliti keperluan penggubalan atau pindaan undang-undang ke arah memperkasakan Bahagian Sokongan Keluarga di Malaysia, atau menggubal perundangan baharu yang melibatkan prosedur penguatkuasaan dan pelaksanaan perintah di Mahkamah Syariah, agar pembayaran nafkah yang diperintahkan oleh mahkamah dapat mencapai objektifnya.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Madihah Ruzmi, Asma Hakimah Ab Halim, Fatimah Yusro Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE APPLICATION OF SYARIAH LAW IN NAVIGATING THE CHALLENGES OF TECHNOLOGY-FACILITATED SEX TRAFFICKING
This article examines the phenomenon of Technology-Facilitated Sex Trafficking (TFST) in Malaysia, with focusing on the application of Syariah Law. TFST utilises digital platforms to exploit victims, presenting significant challenges for law enforcement and victim protection efforts. This study aims to analyse how Malaysia’s current civil and Syariah legal frameworks respond to the complexities of TFST and to propose a more ethically grounded solution based on Islamic legal principles. This article adopts a doctrinal methodology to assess the synergy and limitations between current statutory laws and Islamic legal thought. The discussion highlights how Syariah law can inform and enhance legal responses to TFST, ensuring alignment with both ethical considerations and the protection of human rights in Malaysia. The research highlights gaps in enforcement, including limitations in detecting technology-driven crimes, inter-agency coordination challenges, and insufficient victim-centred protections. Drawing on Islamic principles such as justice (al-adl), human dignity (karamah insaniyyah), and the prohibition of exploitation (zulm), the study provides an ethical perspective on the issue. This article contributes to existing literature by offering a comparative lens between Islamic and statutory law, proposing integrated legal reform to address TFST more holistically. The findings emphasise the need for Malaysia to strengthen its enforcement mechanisms and enhance legal processes to address TFST effectively. This study proposes reforms to Malaysia’s legal response to TFST by grounding it in Syariah values that uphold dignity and ensure justice within the country’s dual legal system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Haziqah Dahli, Hartini Saripan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
التحديات القانونية للخطر السيبراني على المعاملات التجارية
Cyber risk has become one of the most prominent threats facing modern societies, as attackers rely on cyberspace to carry out illegal cyber-attacks targeting sensitive data and information. These attacks, which are increasing with the digital transformation and the spread of electronic commercial transactions, pose significant challenges in both cybersecurity and legal domains. While cyber risk differs from traditional risks by being intangible and invisible, its impact can be widespread on individuals, companies, and institutions. This research aims to shed light on the legal challenges associated with cyber risk and its impact on electronic commercial transactions. The study addresses how to confront these challenges by analyzing the available legal mechanisms and exploring solutions that may mitigate the effects of cyber-attacks. It also focuses on the importance of enhancing cybersecurity, which is a fundamental means to protect information and commercial transactions in the digital age, emphasizing the need to provide both technical and human resources to achieve it. The research employed a descriptive and analytical approach to study the phenomenon of "cyber risk", define its dimensions, and explore ways to address it. Additionally, the concept of "cybersecurity" was analyzed from multiple perspectives, including the technical and legal challenges that hinder its effective realization. The study arrived at several important findings, including that cyber risk constitutes an invisible threat that is often discovered after a certain period, making it more difficult to counteract. Achieving cybersecurity requires significant human and technical resources to minimize these attacks. Moreover, the study pointed out the difficulties faced by insurance companies in dealing with cyber risk insurance, as they have cautiously begun insuring it due to its complexities. The study recommended several proposals to combat cyber risk, including the development of national cybersecurity strategies, strengthening the infrastructure of information and communication systems, and raising awareness among individuals and companies about the importance of cybersecurity and the necessity of using technology safely and effectively. ملخص البحث أصبح الخطر السيبراني من أبرز التهديدات التي تواجه المجتمعات الحديثة، حيث يعتمد المهاجمون على الفضاء السيبراني لتنفيذ هجمات إلكترونية غير قانونية تستهدف البيانات والمعلومات الحساسة. هذه الهجمات، التي تتزايد مع التحول الرقمي وانتشار المعاملات التجارية الإلكترونية، تشكل تحديًا كبيرًا في مجالات الأمن السيبراني والقانوني على حد سواء. ومع أن الخطر السيبراني يختلف عن المخاطر التقليدية بكونه غير ملموس وغير مرئي، فإن تأثيره يمكن أن يكون واسع النطاق على الأفراد والشركات والمؤسسات. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على التحديات القانونية المرتبطة بالخطر السيبراني وتأثيره على المعاملات التجارية الإلكترونية. يتناول البحث كيفية مواجهة هذه التحديات من خلال تحليل الآليات القانونية المتاحة والبحث عن حلول يمكن أن تقلل من تأثير الهجمات السيبرانية. كما يركز على أهمية تعزيز الأمن السيبراني، الذي يشكل وسيلة أساسية لحماية المعلومات والمعاملات التجارية في العصر الرقمي، مع التأكيد على ضرورة توفير الموارد التقنية والبشرية لتحقيقه. اعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي في دراسة ظاهرة "الخطر السيبراني" وتحديد أبعاده وسبل التصدي له. كما تم تحليل مفهوم "الأمن السيبراني" من جوانب متعددة، بما في ذلك التحديات التقنية والقانونية التي تعيق تحقيقه بفعالية. توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج مهمة، منها أن الخطر السيبراني يشكل تهديدًا غير مرئي يكتشف بعد مرور وقت معين على حدوثه، مما يزيد من صعوبة التصدي له. كما أن تحقيق الأمن السيبراني يحتاج إلى موارد بشرية وتقنية كبيرة للحد من تلك الهجمات. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أشارت الدراسة إلى الصعوبات التي تواجه شركات التأمين في التعامل مع التأمين على المخاطر السيبرانية، حيث بدأت هذه الشركات تدريجيًا في التأمين عليه بحذر، نظرًا لتعقيداته. أوصت الدراسة بعدة مقترحات للتصدي للخطر السيبراني، منها وضع استراتيجيات وطنية للأمن السيبراني، وتعزيز البنى التحتية لنظم المعلومات والاتصالات، ونشر الوعي بين الأفراد والشركات حول أهمية الأمن السيبراني وضرورة استخدام التكنولوجيا بشكل آمن وفعال.
Islamic Law and Society / Law and Society
al-muʿāmalāt at-tijārīyah al-iliktrūnīyah
at-taʾmīn ʿalā al-makhāṭir as-sībirānīyah
Copyright (c) 2025 Alaa Hussein Ali, Wurood Khalid Mohameed, Mahmood Shaker ALaloosh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
الأمة والمواطنة في وثيقة المدينة: تحليل الأسس والمعايير الدستورية ودورها في تعزيز التعايش الحضاري
This study aims to analyze the term "ummah" (nation) in both its general and specific contexts within the Islamic constitutional framework, exploring its relationship with religion and citizenship. The research stems from the need for a deeper understanding of the constitutional concepts embodied in the Constitution of Medina, as the first legislative model that regulated coexistence in a multi-religious and multi-ethnic society. The study employs an inductive-analytical approach to examine jurisprudential and constitutional sources, with a focus on extracting the foundations that promote the values of citizenship within a single state. The analysis of the principles and criteria of the Ummah and citizenship in the Constitution of Medina relies on a descriptive methodology to trace the fundamental components and an analytical methodology to interpret the constitutional relationships and implications. Among the key findings of the study are: that Islamic constitutionalism preceded other systems in regulating societal relations through concepts that ensure the continuity of coexistence despite religious and ethnic diversity. Additionally, the Constitution of Medina established certain principles, including three core principles: national belonging, societal security, and shared responsibility, as a constitutional framework governing the relationship between citizens and the state. The intellectual contribution of this research is its comprehensive constitutional analysis that connects the ummah, as a bond of religious identity, with citizenship, as a bond defined by constitutional law, showcasing how the document established a practical model for a pluralistic civil state. الملخص تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل مصطلح "الأمة" بمفهوميه العام والخاص في الإطار الدستوري الإسلامي، وعلاقته بالدين والمواطنة، انطلاقًا من الإشكالية المتمثلة في الحاجة إلى فهمٍ معمق للمفاهيم الدستورية التي تضمنتها وثيقة المدينة كأول نموذجٍ تشريعي يُنظِّم التعايش في مجتمعٍ متعدد الديانات والأعراق. تعتمد الدراسة المنهج الاستقرائي التحليلي لفحص المصادر الفقهية والدستورية، مع تركيزٍ على استخلاص الأسس التي تُعزِّز قيم المواطنة في الدولة الواحدة، واستندت الدراسة في تحليلها لأسس ومعايير الأمة والمواطنة في وثيقة المدينة على المنهج الوصفي لتتبع المكونات الأساسية، والمنهج التحليلي لتفسير العلاقات والتداعيات الدستورية. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج من أهمها: أن الدستورية الإسلامية سبقت غيرها من الأنظمة في تنظيم العلاقات المجتمعية عبر مفاهيم تضمن استمرارية التعايش رغم التعددية الدينية والعرقية، كما أن وثيقة المدينة حددت بعض المبادئ ومنها ثلاثة مبادئ جوهرية، وهي: الانتماء الوطني، الأمن المجتمعي، والمسؤولية المشتركة، كإطارٍ دستوري ناظم وحاكم للعلاقات بين المواطنين والدولة، وقد تجسّدت المواطنة الكاملة في الوثيقة عبر ضمان الحقوق المدنية لغير المسلمين (كاليهود) مع الحفاظ على هوياتهم الدينية والعرقية. وتكمن المساهمة المعرفية لهذه الدراسة في تقديمها لتحليل دستوري متكامل يربط بين مفهوم "الأمة" كرابطة هوية دينية، ومفهوم "المواطنة" كرابطة دستورية قانونية، مبرزةً كيف أسست الوثيقة لمبادئ دولة مدنية تعددية تتجاوز الإطار النظري إلى التطبيق العملي.
Copyright (c) 2025 Baidar Mohammed Mohammed Hassan, Dina Imad, Mohamed Mahmoud El Gammal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
SOCIAL FINANCE INNOVATION: QARDH-WA’AD FOR SUSTAINABLE BAZNAS MICROFINANCE DESA (BMD) FINANCING THROUGH PRODUCTIVE ZAKAT
This study examines innovations in the distribution of productive zakat carried out by BAZNAS Microfinance Desa (BMD) through a combination of qardh and wa'ad contracts, as well as the legal culture of the community in financing schemes in Bogor and Bukittinggi, Indonesia. Data were collected using multiple methods, including document analysis, in-depth interviews, direct observation, and Focus Group Discussions. The study finds that BMD employs the qardh contract as the foundation for distributing productive zakat funds. The use of a commitment sheet (wa’ad) as a guarantee for fund repayment further reinforces this mechanism. BMD adopts a community-based financing approach that aligns with the Indonesian cultural value of gotong royong, which emphasizes mutual cooperation. Data analysis, conducted through a cyclical approach, reveals that the application of qardh mechanism with wa’ad contract— alongside specific eligibility requirements—is effective in generating sustainable impact. The findings indicate that this community-based model significantly contributes to the success of fund recovery. The study suggests combining different contractual instruments in the allocation of productive zakat, within the framework of social financing, has the potential to yield substantial and enduring benefits for the wider community. The implications of this study extend to the realm of a novel approach to the distribution of productive zakat, one that utilizes the legal culture of the community.
Copyright (c) 2025 Duhriah, Fauzi Yati, Yovidal Yazid, Aulia Rahmat, Muslim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
حجية شهادة من لا دين له في الإمارات: دراسة في الشريعة والقانون
Testimony is considered one of the most important means of proof, as it preserves rights and demonstrates the virtue of telling the truth. Testimony must be direct, such that the witness gives his testimony according to what he saw with his own eyes or heard with own his ears, regardless of his religion. But the matter may take a different turn, as the witness may not adhere to any religion at all. This study examines the validity of the testimony of a person who does not profess any religion as evidence per the U.A.E Federal Evidence Law No. 35 of 2022. It is divided into three sections that deal with the nature of testimony, the conditions for the validity of testimony, and the authenticity of the testimony of a person who has no religion. In this study, we employed the descriptive approach, the analytical approach, and the inductive approach. This study is of great importance in the Islamic and Arab society in general and the Emirati society in particular, given the diversity of the communities that live there and the diversity of their religions. This study contributes to illuminating the way for the judge to value the testimony of someone who has no religion and give it the weight it deserves. This study also holds global significance, as it assists judges in reaching fair judgments in legal disputes by offering an alternative approach: allowing testimony from a witness who has no religion without requiring him to take an oath, provided the witness presents an official document from his country's consulate confirming that he has sworn an oath according to the procedures of his own country's law regarding testimony in such matters. This document serves as a specific guarantee to enhance the witness's credibility, and it leaves the judge with the discretion to determine whether to accept the testimony and what weight to give it, based on his own assessment and within his discretionary authority in this concern. It has concluded that it is not possible to trust the testimony of someone who does not adhere to any heavenly religion, because the oath that he swears cannot be trusted to help him tell the truth, given that there is no God - in his view - to swear by, fear his punishment, and inspire him to speak the truth, and thus the absence of a religious motive or sacred matter that motivates him to deviate from his testimony or to lie. ملخص البحث تُعدّ شَهادة الشهود من بين أهم وسائل الإثبات حيث تُحفظ بها الحقوق وتَظهر من خلالها فضيلة قول الحقيقة، ذلك أنَّ الشهودَ هم عيون العدالة في ساحات القضاء. والأصلُ في هذه الشَّهادةِ أن تكون مباشرةً بحيث يدلي الشاهدُ بشهادته وفق ما رآه بعينه أو سمعه بأذنه وبصرف النَّظر عن ديانته. لكن الأمر قد يأخذ منحى آخر إذْ قد لا يكون الشاهدُ معتنقاً أيّ دين على الإطلاق، فيثور التساؤل هنا عن مدى جواز قبول شهادته واعتمادها كدليل إثبات. ومن هنا، فإنَّ هذه الدراسة تهدفُ إلى مناقشةِ حجية شَهادة مَنْ لا دين له في الإثبات وفقاً لقانون الإثبات الاتحادي رقم 35 لسنة 2022 في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة، حيث تم تقسيمها إلى ثلاثة أقسام تتناول ماهيّة الشَّهادة وشروط صحة الشَّهادة وحجية شَهادة مَنْ لا دين له أمام القضاء. وقد اتبعنا في هذه الدراسة المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التحليلي والمنهج الاستقرائي. وهذه الدراسة لها أهمية كبيرة في المجتمع الإسلامي والعربي بشكلٍ عام، والمجتمع الإماراتي بشكلٍ خاص؛ نظراً لتنوّع الجالياتِ التي تعيش فيه وتنوّع دياناتها، حيث تسهم هذه الدراسة في إنارة الطريق أمام القاضي ليقدّر شَهادة مَنْ لا دين له ويعطيها وزنها في الإثبات. كما تكتسب هذه الدراسة أهميةً على الصعيد العالمي، إذْ تعين القاضي على الوصولِ إلى حكمٍ عادلٍ في النزاع من خلال تقديمِ بديلٍ آخر يتمثل في التوصية بجواز سماع شَهادة مَنْ لا دين له دون تحليفهِ اليمين، شريطة أن يقدّم الشاهد وثيقةً رسميةً صادرةً من قنصليةِ بلده تفيد بأنه قد حلفَ اليمين وفق الأوضاع المقررة في قانونِ بلده بشأن الشَّهادةِ على الواقعةِ محل النزاع. وتشكل هذه الوثيقة ضمانةً خاصةً لتعزيزِ مصداقية الشاهد، وتترك للقاضي سلطةَ تقدير قبول الشَّهادة ووزنها وفق ما يطمئن إليهِ وجدانه، وفي إطارِ ما يتمتع به من سلطةٍ تقديريةٍ في هذا الشأن. وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى نتيجة مفادها أنه لا يمكن الاطمئنان إلى شَهادة مَنْ لا يعتنق أيّ دينٍ سماوي كونه لا يمكن الثقة بيمينهِ التي يحلفها لكي تكونَ معيناً له على قول الحقيقة؛ وذلك نظراً لعدم وجودِ إلهٍ - بنظره - يحلف به ويخشى عقابه، ويكون ملهماً له لقول الحقيقة، وبالتالي انتفاء وجود وازعٍ ديني أو أمر ٍمقدّس يحفزه على الانحراف بشَهادته أو الكذب.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zaid Muhmoud Agaileh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
OPTIMIZING WORKING CAPITAL FINANCING IN INDONESIA: AN ISLAMIC ECONOMIC LAW PERSPECTIVE
Islamic banking firms in Indonesia face challenges in maximizing working capital funding. These challenges stem from the limited use of digital technology, partially adaptable legislation, and inadequate risk management skills aligned with Shariah principles and values. This paper analyzes the use of Islamic economic law concepts in developing effective, equitable, and Shariah-compliant working capital financing solutions. This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing a literature review method and a descriptive-analytical framework to analyze literature on Islamic economic law, DSN-MUI fatwas, and the operational practices of Islamic financial institutions. The data are sourced from the Financial Services Authority (OJK), an independent state institution responsible for regulating and supervising the financial services sector in Indonesia. The results indicate that fundamental principles, including the prohibition of usury, fairness ('adl), partnership (syirkah), and transparency, serve as the primary foundations for the execution of Islamic financial contracts such as mudharabah, musyarakah, and murabahah. In contrast to traditional financial institutions that rely on interest, LKI prioritizes a balanced system of profit-sharing and risk-sharing, thereby promoting engagement in genuine economic activity. Furthermore, DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 117/DSN-MUI/IX/2018 on Shariah digital financial services enhances the technology dimension in delivering secure and efficient funding. This research establishes that Islamic economic law is essential for developing an inclusive, sustainable, and maqashid Shariah-compliant working capital finance system. It significantly enhances the practice of Islamic economic law and presents strategic suggestions for LKI to address issues in financing the productive sector, particularly MSMEs in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Heni Noviarita, Khavid Normasyhuri, Jum Anggriani, Hasani Ahmad Said, Abdul Qodir Zaelani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
LEGAL STRENGTHENING THROUGH INFRASTUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FINANCING SUPPORT IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP) SCHEME
This study aims to comprehensively analyze the implementation and effectiveness of regulatory instruments designed to strengthen infrastructure financing through the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) scheme in Indonesia. PPP serves as a crucial mechanism to mobilize private sector participation in addressing the nation’s infrastructure financing gap while improving the efficiency and quality of public service delivery. The research focuses on the regulatory framework introduced by Minister of Finance Regulation Number 68/2024, which marks a significant advancement in Indonesia’s PPP governance by providing a more coherent and comprehensive legal foundation to accelerate sustainable and inclusive infrastructure development. The regulation emphasizes the optimization of government support mechanisms such as the pre-project development facility (Pre-PDF), project development facility (PDF), infrastructure guarantees, and feasibility support, all of which are essential in mitigating risks and enhancing project bankability. Employing a normative juridical method through statutory and conceptual approaches, this study examines the consistency between the regulation’s normative design and its practical application while identifying strategic measures to strengthen its effectiveness. The findings indicate that Minister of Finance Regulation Number 68/2024 successfully addresses normative gaps found in previous frameworks, particularly Presidential Regulation No. 38 of 2015, which lacked clarity in project preparation, risk-sharing, and guarantee mechanisms. Moreover, the regulation enhances collaboration between the government and private sector, promotes innovative financing models, and reinforces transparency and governance standards within PPP arrangements. The study’s key contribution lies in its comprehensive evaluation of how regulatory reform under Minister of Finance Regulation Number 68/2024 reshapes Indonesia’s PPP ecosystem, offering actionable insights for policymakers to design more effective legal and institutional frameworks that promote sustainable infrastructure financing.
Law and Policy on Infrastructure Financing
Copyright (c) 2025 Kurdi, Prita Amalia, Yuki Mahardhito Adhitya Wardhana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
GARIS PANDUAN SERTU MENURUT PERSPEKTIF ISLAM – JAKIM: A CRITICAL REVIEW
The halal industry in Malaysia is rapidly expanding in line with the National Halal Policy 2025–2035, aiming to establish a holistic and conducive halal ecosystem globally. One of the key requirements for halal certification is the implementation of the sertu process in cases of contamination involving severe impurities (najs mughallazah) from dogs, pigs, and their derivatives. To standardize this practice, the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) published the Garis Panduan Sertu menurut Perspektif Islam. More than a decade since its implementation, however, several concerns have been raised by stakeholders regarding its clarity and practicality in meeting industry needs. This study critically reviews the Garis Panduan Sertu menurut Perspektif Islam to identify key implementation issues, categorize them into related themes, and propose recommendations for improvement. Adopting a qualitative approach, the research is based on content analysis of the guideline and insights gathered through round table discussions with stakeholders and industry representatives, focusing on both fiqh and technical aspects. The data collection by content analysis is systematically reviewed, and textual data is coded by breaking it into meaningful units, which are then categorized based on predefined or emergent themes to identify patterns relevant to the research question. The round table discussions collect qualitative data by engaging stakeholders in structured dialogue, which is recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed to capture diverse perspectives and in-depth insights. Both methods rely on careful transcription, coding, and thematic analysis to produce organized, meaningful qualitative findings. The findings reveal 11 core issues and recommend five amendments: establishing mandatory conditions for sertu, refining material specifications, standardizing soil preparation methods, enhancing the sertu procedure, and incorporating post-sertu cleaning protocols. These amendments and recommendations contribute to strengthening guideline implementation and boosting compliance within the halal industry, thereby supporting integrity and consistency in halal certification processes in Malaysia.
Islamic Law Related to Halal Studies / Law on Halal and Consumerism
Copyright (c) 2025 Wan Ainaa Mardhiah Wan Zahari, Nur Zainatul Nadra Zainol, Mohd Mahyeddin Mohd Salleh, Mohd Nasir Abdul Majid, Irwan Mohd Subri, Ahmad Sharifuddin Mustapha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
TRANSFORMATION OF LOCAL NORMS IN INHERITANCE DIVISION IN PANTURA: A SOCIOLOGY OF LAW APPROACH
This study investigates the transformation of local inheritance norms in Pantura, Central Java, Indonesia, through the lens of legal sociology. The problem addressed in this research is the persistence of legal uncertainty arising from the coexistence of customary law, state law, and Islamic law in regulating inheritance distribution. While inheritance in Muslim communities is normatively governed by Islamic principles, local practices often diverge, reflecting negotiation between tradition, religion, and modern legal frameworks. Employing a qualitative research design, this study draws upon in-depth interviews with 23 informants (male and female beneficiaries) from various villages across Pantura. The findings reveal that Islamic law remains the dominant reference in inheritance practices, with 60.8% of respondents prioritizing religious norms, followed by 34.7% referencing customary law and 4.3% adhering to state law. This pattern underscores the enduring legal pluralism in rural Java, where community values of fairness, kinship, and social harmony guide the practical application of inheritance rules. The study contributes to socio-legal scholarship by demonstrating how local communities actively reinterpret Islamic and customary norms to align with contemporary notions of justice and familial solidarity, thereby shaping a hybrid legal order. These insights not only illuminate the adaptive character of local legal culture but also enrich broader discussions on the dynamics of pluralism and legal transformation in postcolonial societies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Inna Fauziatal Ngazizah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0