القواعد الفقهيَّة المتعلقة بالتَّخدير الطّبي: دراسة تأصيلِّية تطبيقيّة
THE JURISPRUDETIAL MAXIMS RELATED TO MEDICAL ANESTHESIA: A FOUNDATIONAL AND APPLIED STUDY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol14no2.1516Keywords:
التخدير الطبي, الفقه الإسلامي, القواعد الفقهية, القضايا الطبية المعاصرة, الأخلاقيات الطبيةAbstract
This research aims to clarify the concept of medical anesthesia from an Islamic legal perspective, by establishing its jurisprudential foundations and linking it to relevant juristic rules, while applying these principles to contemporary medical practices. This study derives its significance from the urgent need to regulate the use of modern anesthesia techniques with precise Islamic guidelines that keep pace with the rapid advancements in medical sciences, thereby ensuring the fulfillment of the objectives of Islamic law (maqasid al-shari'ah), particularly the preservation of life and intellect, and the warding off of harms. The study adopted an inductive and analytical methodology by tracing jurisprudential concepts related to anesthesia, extracting relevant fiqh principles, and analyzing the opinions of classical and contemporary jurists in light of recent medical developments. The study addresses several main topics, most notably the jurisprudential rules regulating the legitimacy of medical anesthesia, the principles governing the utilization of the legal concession (rukhsah) in cases of anesthesia, the application of principles balancing benefits and harms and estimating and averting harms to surgical operations and anesthesia, and the jurisprudential rules regulating medical liability and the implications of errors that may occur during anesthesia. The study concluded by highlighting the profound and direct impact of jurisprudential principles in regulating and guiding the approach to medical anesthesia. It emphasized the paramount importance of Islamic jurisprudence in contemporary Ijtihad (independent legal reasoning) and the necessity of activating this heritage in the reality of modern medical practice, to ensure the desired integration between Islamic law and medical sciences, and to protect the rights of patients and healthcare providers alike
ملخّص البحث
يهدف هذا البحث إلى استجلاء مفهوم التخدير الطّبي من المنظور الشرعي، وذلك من خلال تأصيله الفقهي وربطه بالقواعد الأصولية والقواعد الفقهية المؤثرة، مع إسقاط تطبيقاته على الممارسات الطبية المعاصرة. وتكتسب هذه الدراسة أهميتها من الحاجة الملحّة إلى تأطير استخدام التقنيات الحديثة في التخدير بضوابط شرعية دقيقة، توائم التطور المتسارع في العلوم الطبية، بما يكفل تحقيق مقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية؛ لا سيما مقصد حفظ النفس والعقل ودرء المفاسد. واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الاستقرائي التحليلي، من خلال تتبع المفاهيم الفقهية المتعلقة بالتخدير، واستقراء القواعد الفقهية ذات الصلة، مع تحليل آراء الفقهاء المعاصرين والسابقين وتطبيقاتهم في ضوء المستجدات الطبية. وتتضمن الدراسة معالجة عدد من المحاور الرئيسية، ومن أبرزها: القواعد الفقهية المنظمة لمشروعية التخدير الطبي، والقواعد التي تضبط توظيف الرخصة الشرعية في حالات التخدير، وتطبيقات قواعد الموازنة بين المصالح والمفاسد على العمليات الجراحية والتخدير، والقواعد الفقهية التي تنظم المسؤولية الطبية والآثار المترتبة على الأخطاء التي قد تقع أثناء التخدير. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى إبراز الأثر العميق والمباشر للقواعد الفقهية في ضبط وترشيد التعامل مع التخدير الطبي. وأكدت الدراسة على الأهمية القصوى للفقه الإسلامي في الاجتهاد المعاصر، وضرورة تفعيل هذا الإرث في واقع الممارسة الطبية الحديثة؛ لضمان تحقيق التكامل المنشود بين الشريعة الإسلامية والعلوم الطبية، وحماية حقوق المرضى ومقدمي الرعاية الصحية على حد سواء.
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