ظاهرة عقد الزَّواج الخارجيِّ في قانون الأحوال الشَّخصيَّة العراقيِّ :دراسة تحليلية: HE PHENOMENON OF ILLEGAL MARRIAGE CONTRACT IN THE IRAQI PERSONAL STATUS LAW: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

Saad Abdulwahhab Alshekh; Raihanah Abdullah; Mahamatayuding Samah

doi:10.33102/mjsl.v7i1.118

Authors

Saad Abdulwahhab Alshekh Department of Shariah and Law, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya
Raihanah Abdullah, Prof. Dr Department of Shariah and Law, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya
Mahamatayuding Samah, Dr Department of Shariah and Law, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.v7i1.118

Keywords:

illegal marriage, Informal marriage, Court, Marriage official

Abstract

The research problem revolves around the extent to which this paper is able to account for the causes that lead to the spread of unofficial or illicit marriages in Iraq since the lawgiver has laid down the standards for official and legal marriage contracts in the Personal Status Law by recording such legal contracts in the competent courts. Hence, this paper will shed light on the effectiveness of the subsequent legal statement to curb this phenomenon. In fact, this legal statement, which is referred to in Article 10 (5) of the Iraqi Personal Status Law No. (188) for the year 1959, reads: "every man who holds a marriage contract out of court is subject to imprisonment for not less than six months, and not more than one year, or risk paying a fine of not less than three hundred dinars and not more than one thousand dinars. However, if he holds the contract out of court while he is still married to another woman, in this case, he is subject to imprisonment for not less than three years, and not more than five years." As a result, this paper will discuss the concept of out-of-court marriage, its categories, the causes of its commonness, the potential harms that it may inflict on the spouses and their children, and the extent to which this violates and break away from the legal objectives of Islamic law and the Iraqi Personal Status Law. In our analysis of the legal texts and judicial decisions issued by the personal status courts, we found that the Iraqi lawgiver was right to criminalize cases pertaining to of out of court marriages since they have harmful effects on both spouses in particular and society in general; and since the legal text is unable to limit the spread of this phenomenon, we see it as a prime necessity to call for the enactment of the law of the Marriage Official as an effective remedy to curb and limit the spread of illegal marriages

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Al-’Arna’ËÏÊ, Hatem ØubÍÊ. (2010). Encyclopaedia of Marriage official and Notaries. Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-QÉnËniyyah.

Badran, AbË al-ÑAynayyn Badran. (N.D). Children's Rights in Islamic Law and Law. Al-Exandria: Mu’asasah al-JÉmiÑah.

Bhagat, Mohamed Taqi. (N.D).TawÌÊÍ al-MasÉ’il. Second edition, Qom: IntisharÉt Shafaq.

Bin Al-Mundhir, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ibrahim. (1408H). al'iqnaÑ. Investigation: Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al-Jabreen, First edition.

Al-BukhÉrÊ. (1422H). The correct musnad and correct evidence of the things of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and his Sunnah and his days = ØaÍÊÍ al-BukhÉrÊ. Investigation: Mohammed Zuhair bin NÉÎser al–NÉÎer, First edition, Beirut: Dar Ùauq Al-NajÉt.

Al-Daweesh, Ahmed bin Abdul Razzaq. (N.D). Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and IftÉ’. Riyadh: Head of the Department of Scientific Research and IftÉ’.

Hassan, MaÍmoud. (1993). Family care. Al-Exandria: Dar al-Kutub al-JÉmiÑiyyah.

Al-×ullÊ. (N.D). Tadhkirah al-FuqahÉ'. Qom: Al-Maktabah al-RaÌawiyyah Li IÍyÉ' al-ÓthÉr al-JaÑfariyyah.

Ibn Qudamah al-MaqdisÊ, Abu Muhammad Mowaffaq al-Din Abdullah Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhammad. (1994). Al-kÉfÊ FÊ Fiqh al-'ImÉÉm AÍmad. First edition, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ÑIlmiyyah.

Iraqi Ministry of Justice, Amnesty Law No 27 of 2016. (2016). Journal of Al-WaqÉ’iÑ al-ÑIrÉqiyyah, No 4417.

Iraqi Ministry of Justice, Decree of the Revolution Command Council dissolved No 120 of 1982. (1982). Journal of Al-WaqÉ’iÑ al-ÑIrÉqiyyah, No 2869.

Iraqi Ministry of Justice, Iraqi Personal Status Law No 188 of 1959. (1959). Journal of Al-WaqÉ’iÑ al-ÑIrÉqiyyah, No 280.

Iraqi Ministry of Justice, Judgment of the Court of Cassation No 18 of 1976. (1976). Journal of al-'AÍkÉm al-ÑAdliyyah, No 1.

Iraqi Ministry of Justice, Law amending the Personal Status Law No 90 of 1987. (1987). Journal of Al-WaqÉ’iÑ al-ÑIrÉqiyyah, No 3167.

Iraqi Ministry of Justice, Law of Registration of Births and Deaths No 148 of 1971. (1971). Journal of Al-WaqÉ’iÑ al-ÑIrÉqiyyah, No 2069.

Iraqi Ministry of Justice, Law of Social Protection No 11 of 2014. (2014). Journal of Al-WaqÉ’iÑ al-ÑIrÉqiyyah, No 4316.

Iraqi Ministry of Justice, Penal Law No 111 of 1969. (1969). Journal of Al-WaqÉ’iÑ al-ÑIrÉqiyyah, No 1778.

Iraqi Ministry of Justice, The Unified Retirement Law No 9 of 2014. (2014). Journal of Al-WaqÉ’iÑ al-ÑIrÉqiyyah, No 4314.

Al-KÉsÉnÊ, Alaa al-Din, Abu Bakr bin MasÑËd ibn Ahmad al-×anafÊ. (1406H,1986). BadÉ’iÑ al-ØanÉ'iÑ Fi TartÊb al-SharÉ'iÑ. Second edition, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ÑIlmiyyah.

Al-KubaisÊ, BashÊr MahdÊ LaÏif. (2006). The Purpose of SharÊÑah and how to deal with it in conflict. Journal of Al-Imam Al-ÑAzam College, year 2, No 2.

MÉlik, MÉlik bin Anas bin MÉlik bin Ñamir al-’AÎbaÍyÊ al-MadanÊ, (1994). Al-Mudawnah. First edition, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ÑIlmiyyah.

Al-MuÍaqiq al-KarikÊ. (1411H). JÉmiÑ al-MaqÉÎid. First edition, Muhr, Qom: Mu’asasah ’Al al-BaÊt.

ÑAËdah, YaÍya Khairallah. (2005). Structural Change in al-Øadr City. Master thesis, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, Iraq.

Al-ÑOkÊlÊ, HanÉ’ MoÍsen. (2010). Marriage out of bounds. Journal of Faculty of Arts, University of al-KËfah، V 13, No 4.

Al-ÑUthÊmÊn, Muhammad ibn Øaalih. (1421H). liqÉ' al-BÉb al-MaftËÍ, Islamic Network, Retrieved from <https://islamqa.info/ar/132420>.

Al-QÉÌy, Adly. (2010). Comparison of the impact of internal marriage and external marriage functions on the social structure of a changing society, Master thesis, Al-Yarmouk University, Jordan.

Al-QadorÊ, Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Ahmed bin JÑfar bin Hamdan Abu al-Hussin. (2006). Al-TajrÊd. Investigation: Center for Jurisprudence and Economic Studies, Cairo: Dar al-SalÉm.

Al-QarÉfÊ, Ahmad Bin Idris. (1996). Al-DhakhÊrah. Investigation: Mohammed Abu Khobzah, First edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Gharb Al-IslÉmÊ.

Rashid, AsmÉ’ Jamil. (2017). Factors related to the phenomenon of marriage outside the court and its implications Field study in Øadr City. Journal of Educational and Psychological Research, No 55. 268-301.

Al-SÊwÉsÊ, Kamal al-Din Mohammed bin Abdul WaÍid. (N.D). SharÍ FatÍ al-QadÊr. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.

Al-ShÉfiÑÊ, Abu abd Allah Muhammad bin 'Idris bin al-ÑAbbas bin ÑOthman bin ShafÑ bin Abd al-MaÏlab bin abd Manaf al-MuÏlabÊ al-QoarshÊ al-MakeÊ. (1990). Al-’Om. Beirut: Dar Al-MaÑrefah.

Al-ShahÊd. (1416H). MasÉlik al-’AfhÉm. First edition, Qom: Mu’asasah al-MaÑÉrf al-'Islamiyyah.

Al-ShÉÏebÊ, Abu IsÍaq. (2010). Al-MËÉfaqÉt Fi 'UsËl al-ShrÊÑah. Investigation: Abdelkader Draz, Seventh edition, Beirut: Dar al-MaÑrifah.

Al-SharqÉwÊ, Ibrahim Abdo. (1421H). The Customary Marriage in the Balance of SharÑ. First edition, Cairo: SafÉ’ Library.

Al-ShÊbÉnÊ, Abu Abdullah Mohammed bin ×assan bin Farqd. (1403H). Al-Hujah ÑLa Ahl al-MadÊnah. Investigation: MehdÊ ×assan al-KÊlÉnÊ al-QÉdrÊ, First edition, Beirut: ÑÓlm al-kutub.

TanÉgo, Samir Abdel-Sayed. (N.D). Family provisions for non-Muslim Egyptians. Cairo: Dar Bou Saeid.

Al-TirmedhÊ. (1998). al-jamiÑ al-KabÊr = sunan al-TarmedhÊ. Investigation: Bashar ÑAwad Marouf, Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-IslÉmÊ.

Al-ÙayyÉr, Abdullah bin Mohammed., Al-MuÏlaq, Abdullah bin Mohammed., & Al-MËsÉ, Mohammed bin Ibrahim. (2011). Al-Faqh al-Moyssar. First edition, Riyadh: Madar al-Watan Publishing.

Al-WardÊ, Ali. (2009). A Study on the Nature of Iraqi Society. First edition, Beirut: Dar Dijlah wa al-Forat.