الأمة والمواطنة في وثيقة المدينة: تحليل الأسس والمعايير الدستورية ودورها في تعزيز التعايش الحضاري
NATION AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE MEDINA CHARTER: AN ANALYSIS OF CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS AND STANDARDS AND THEIR ROLE IN PROMOTING CIVILIZATIONAL COEXISTENCE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol13no2.1259Keywords:
Nation, citenship, constitutional foundations, Medina Charter, cohesion, al-ummah, al-muwāṭanah, al-usus ad-dustūriyyah, wathīqat al-madīnah, at-taʿāyushAbstract
This study aims to analyze the term "ummah" (nation) in both its general and specific contexts within the Islamic constitutional framework, exploring its relationship with religion and citizenship. The research stems from the need for a deeper understanding of the constitutional concepts embodied in the Constitution of Medina, as the first legislative model that regulated coexistence in a multi-religious and multi-ethnic society. The study employs an inductive-analytical approach to examine jurisprudential and constitutional sources, with a focus on extracting the foundations that promote the values of citizenship within a single state. The analysis of the principles and criteria of the Ummah and citizenship in the Constitution of Medina relies on a descriptive methodology to trace the fundamental components and an analytical methodology to interpret the constitutional relationships and implications. Among the key findings of the study are: that Islamic constitutionalism preceded other systems in regulating societal relations through concepts that ensure the continuity of coexistence despite religious and ethnic diversity. Additionally, the Constitution of Medina established certain principles, including three core principles: national belonging, societal security, and shared responsibility, as a constitutional framework governing the relationship between citizens and the state. The intellectual contribution of this research is its comprehensive constitutional analysis that connects the ummah, as a bond of religious identity, with citizenship, as a bond defined by constitutional law, showcasing how the document established a practical model for a pluralistic civil state.
الملخص
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل مصطلح "الأمة" بمفهوميه العام والخاص في الإطار الدستوري الإسلامي، وعلاقته بالدين والمواطنة، انطلاقًا من الإشكالية المتمثلة في الحاجة إلى فهمٍ معمق للمفاهيم الدستورية التي تضمنتها وثيقة المدينة كأول نموذجٍ تشريعي يُنظِّم التعايش في مجتمعٍ متعدد الديانات والأعراق. تعتمد الدراسة المنهج الاستقرائي التحليلي لفحص المصادر الفقهية والدستورية، مع تركيزٍ على استخلاص الأسس التي تُعزِّز قيم المواطنة في الدولة الواحدة، واستندت الدراسة في تحليلها لأسس ومعايير الأمة والمواطنة في وثيقة المدينة على المنهج الوصفي لتتبع المكونات الأساسية، والمنهج التحليلي لتفسير العلاقات والتداعيات الدستورية. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج من أهمها: أن الدستورية الإسلامية سبقت غيرها من الأنظمة في تنظيم العلاقات المجتمعية عبر مفاهيم تضمن استمرارية التعايش رغم التعددية الدينية والعرقية، كما أن وثيقة المدينة حددت بعض المبادئ ومنها ثلاثة مبادئ جوهرية، وهي: الانتماء الوطني، الأمن المجتمعي، والمسؤولية المشتركة، كإطارٍ دستوري ناظم وحاكم للعلاقات بين المواطنين والدولة، وقد تجسّدت المواطنة الكاملة في الوثيقة عبر ضمان الحقوق المدنية لغير المسلمين (كاليهود) مع الحفاظ على هوياتهم الدينية والعرقية. وتكمن المساهمة المعرفية لهذه الدراسة في تقديمها لتحليل دستوري متكامل يربط بين مفهوم "الأمة" كرابطة هوية دينية، ومفهوم "المواطنة" كرابطة دستورية قانونية، مبرزةً كيف أسست الوثيقة لمبادئ دولة مدنية تعددية تتجاوز الإطار النظري إلى التطبيق العملي.
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