دور العقوبات التكميلية في حماية الضحايا في القانون العراقي: دراسة مقارنة
THE ROLE OF COMPLEMENTARY SANCTIONS IN PROTECTING VICTIMS UNDER IRAQI LAW: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol13no3.1400Keywords:
Supplementary penalties, victim protection, criminal justice, penal law, Iraqi law, al-uqubat al-takmiliyyah, himayat al-dahaya, al-adalah al-jina'iyyah, qanun al-uqubat, al-qanun al-'IraqiAbstract
Complementary penalties are regarded as one of the law instruments applicable in the contemporary criminal justice systems that lie beyond the conventional parameters of criminal punishment since it can supplement the security of the victims of the crimes inflicted on them. Such punishments are not confined to deterrence punishment, but they serve a two-fold purpose of enhancing the victim feelings of security since the legal actions of restricting the offender help minimize chances of reoffending. In this regard, the French experience is leading the way, with explicit clauses in French law including banning contact with the victim or coming close to them, the use of new technological devices, like remote electronic monitoring. Conversely, the Iraqi law does have a distinct legislative weakness that is pointed out in the fact that it still does not directly cover victim protection by imposing complementary penalties, comparatively to the partial development of the recent Egyptian and Emirati legislations in the same area. This is where the significance of the given research lies because the practical difficulties in implementing these punishments have not yet been resolved. This study, using a comparative analytical method, aims to present a global reformist vision for complementary sanctions, with a focus on the Iraqi legislator. The paper ends with the results and recommendations on the legal provisions that may be included to complementary penalties in Iraq in a way that it guarantees that they are compatible with the international standards regarding the protection of the rights of those who have been harmed and help in establishing a balanced criminal justice system.
ملخص البحث
تعتبر العقوبات التكميلية إحدى الأدوات القانونية المستخدمة في منظومة العدالة الجنائية الحديثة، والتي تتجاوز النطاق التقليدي للعقوبة الجنائية، إذ إنّها ممكن أن تعزز حماية الضحايا من الجرائم المرتكبة. فالعقوبات التكميلية لا تُنحصر فقط في جزاءاتٍ رادعة بل تؤدي دورًا مضاعفا في تقوية شعور الضحية بالأمان، من خلال فرض قيود قانونية على الجاني تضمن الحدّ من احتمالية إعادة الفعل الإجرامي مرة أخرى. وتبرز في هذا السياق الخبرة الفرنسية بوصفها نموذجًا رائدًا، حيث تناول القانون الفرنسي نصوصا صريحة، كحظر الاتصال بالضحية أو الاقتراب منها، فضلًا عن استخدام أدوات تقنية حديثة كالمراقبة الإلكترونية عن بعد. وفي المقابل هناك قصورٍ تشريعي واضح في القانون العراقي، الذي لا يزال يفتقر إلى نصوص مباشرة تتناول حماية الضحايا عبر العقوبات التكميلية، مقارنة بما أحرزته القوانين المصرية والإماراتية الحديثة من تقدم جزئي في هذا المجال, وهنا تأتي أهميةُ هذهِ الدراسةِ؛ إذ لا تزال التحديات العملية مستمرة في تطبيق هذه العقوبات. فهذهِ الدراسةُ، وباستخدامِ المنهجِ التحليليِّ المقارن، تهدفُ إلى تقديمِ رؤيةٍ إصلاحيةٍ عالميةٍ للعقوباتِ التكميلية، مع التركيزِ على المُشرِّعِ العراقي، وتنتهي هذهِ الدراسةُ بنتائجٍ واقتراحاتٍ لنصوصٍ قانونيةٍ للعقوباتِ التكميليةِ في العراق، بشكلٍ يضمنُ اتساقَها مع المعاييرِ الدوليةِ في حمايةِ حقوقِ الضحايا ويُسهمُ في بناءِ نظامٍ متوازنٍ للعدالةِ الجنائية.
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