الأسس الشرعية والضوابط الحقوقية الناظمة للبيئة العمرانية في الإسلام في ضوء مقاصد الشريعة
SHARI’AH FOUNDATIONS AND LEGAL REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN ISLAM: A MAQASID-BASED PERSPECTIVE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol14no1.1444Keywords:
Maqāṣid-oriented jurisprudence of architecture, sharīʿah foundations, legal regulations, for the environment, contemporary, fiqh al-'imarah al-maqasidi, al-usus al-shar'iyyah, al-dawabit al-huquqiyyah, al-bi'ah, al-mu'asirAbstract
This study aims to highlight the "objective of architecture" (maqṣid al-ʿimārah)—in its comprehensive sense, encompassing righteous construction and urban development—as a significant, foundational, overarching objective within sharīʿah. It also seeks to analyze the profound jurisprudential and Maqāṣid-based foundations and regulations that govern construction and its principles within the rich framework of Islamic jurisprudence. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology to elucidate concepts and define frameworks, and an inductive methodology to trace sharīʿah texts and the opinions of jurists regarding the jurisprudence of architecture (fiqh al-ʿimārah), its goals, and its objectives. The study concluded that sharīʿah has accorded exceptional and profound attention to regulating architectural affairs to achieve the recognized welfare of humanity, both in this life and the hereafter. This encompasses matters related to the necessities (ḍarūriyyāt) of religion, life, intellect, progeny, and property, as well as those that rise to the level of needs (ḥājiyyāt) and perfections (taḥsīniyyāt). This was manifested in an integrated and well-established legal and legislative system that governs the interactive relationship between humans and their built and natural environments. It meticulously observes neighborhood rights as a cornerstone for peaceful coexistence, emphasizes the principle of preventing and removing harm, ensures the covering of private parts (ʿawrāt) and the safeguarding of private spaces, and stringently mandates the quality of building materials and craftsmanship to ensure safety and sustainability. The study emphasizes the need to draw inspiration from these maqāṣid-based regulations and to activate them within the context of contemporary architectural and urban planning. This is crucial for addressing current multifaceted challenges and achieving comprehensive, sustainable civilizational development that is congruent with Islamic values and principles.
ملخّص البحث
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى إبراز "مقصد" "العمارة" – بمفهومه الشامل للبناء الصالح والتنمية الحضرية – كأحد المقاصد الكلية الجوهرية في الشريعة الإسلامية، وإلى تحليل الأسس الفقهية العميقة والمقاصدية الحاكمة للبنيان وضوابطه في إطار الفقه الإسلامي الغني. اعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لاستجلاء المفاهيم وتحديد الأطر، وعلى المنهج الاستقرائي لتتبع النصوص الشرعية وأقوال الفقهاء في فقه العمارة وغاياته ومقاصده. وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى أن الشريعة الإسلامية قد أولت اهتمامًا بالغًا واستثنائيًا لتنظيم الشأن المعماري بما يحقق المصالح المعتبرة للعباد في العاجل والآجل، سواء ما تعلق منها بضروريات الدين والنفس والعقل والنسل والمال، أو ما ارتقى إلى مرتبة الحاجيات والتحسينيات. وتجلى ذلك في منظومة حقوقية وتشريعية متكاملة ومحكمة، تضبط العلاقة التفاعلية بين الإنسان وبيئته المبنية والطبيعية، وتراعي بدقة حقوق الجوار كأساس للتعايش السلمي، وتؤكد على مبدأ منع الضرر ورفعه، وتحرص على ستر العورات وصيانة الحرمات، وتشدد على جودة مواد البناء وإتقان الصنعة لضمان السلامة والاستدامة. وتؤكد الدراسة على الحاجة لاستلهام الضوابط المقاصدية وتفعيلها في سياق التخطيط المعماري والحضري المعاصر، وذلك لمواجهة التحديات الراهنة المتعددة الأوجه، وتحقيق تنمية حضارية شاملة ومستدامة تتوافق مع قيم الإسلام ومبادئه.
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