IMPLEMENTASI ḤAḌĀNAH DI MAHKAMAH SYARIAH MALAYSIA: SOROTAN LITERATUR

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ḤAḌĀNAH IN MALAYSIAN SHARĪ ̒AH COURT: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Authors

  • Naimah Mohamad Jabatan Fiqh dan Usul Fiqh, Kulliyah Ilmu Wahyu dan Sains Kemanusiaan, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur
  • Najibah Mohd Zin Kuliyah Undang-undang Ahmad Ibrahim, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur
  • Miszairi Sitiris Jabatan Fiqh dan Usul Fiqh, Kulliyah Ilmu Wahyu dan Sains Kemanusiaan, Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100, Kuala Lumpur

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol9no2.335

Keywords:

Haḍānah, Child Custody, Shariah High Court, Islamic Family Law

Abstract

Ḥaḍānah or child custody is an issue that often arises after divorce until today. Various initiatives are carried out by the authorities such as the Syariah High Court, the Syariah Judiciary Department of Malaysia (JKSM) and the Islamic Religious Council for each state in Malaysia to overcome this problem. This is because, this issue involves the welfare of Muslim children, that are affected by divorce as well as the rights of disputing parties, namely mother and father that need to be emphasized. Therefore, this literature review is to identify the issues that arise, the development and solutions provided for haḍānah issues. This study is qualitative by taking a descriptive content analysis approach by evaluating facts and arguments from various primary and secondary sources related to the study. The results of literature review shows that several issues are arising in the Syariah Court such as the existence of International Convention affecting Islamic Family Law, the limitation of sole custody practice, the absence of specific interpretations for the welfare of Muslim children, the issue of determining children`s religion in ḥaḍānah, the issue of ḥaḍānah is assumed biased towards women. This study also identifies positive developments in the resolution of haḍānah cases in terms of its application, namely the proposal of the concept of maslahah as a measure of children's welfare, granting joint custody to parents, sulh function in ḥaḍānah, proposed establishment of the Family Court in Malaysia and involvement of experts in related disciplines . However, in general, there are some of these suggestions that have not been implemented and are still at the evaluation stage. Therefore, this study suggests that these aspects need to be discovered and specific guidelines need to be formed and harmonized based on the principles of haḍānah welfare to achieve Maqāṣid Al-Sharī ̒ah which also is in accordance with the demands of the times and social changes in Malaysia.

 

Abstrak

Ḥaḍānah atau hak penjagaan anak ini merupakan satu isu yang sering timbul setelah berlakunya penceraian sehingga hari ini. Pelbagai inisiatif dijalankan oleh pihak berautoriti seperti Mahkamah Tinggi Syariah, Jabatan Kehakiman Syariah Malaysia (JKSM) dan Majlis Agama Islam bagi setiap negeri di Malaysia bagi mengatasi masalah ini. Hal ini kerana, isu ini melibatkan kebajikan kanak-kanak Muslim yang terkesan daripada penceraian begitu juga hak anggota keluarga yang lain iaitu ibu dan bapa yang perlu dititikberatkan. Justeru, sorotan literatur ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti isu-isu berbangkit, perkembangan dan hala tuju penyelesaian Mahkamah Syariah dalam isu haḍānah ini. Kajian ini berbentuk kualitatif dengan mengambil pendekatan analisis kandungan secara deskriptif dengan menilai fakta dan hujah dari pelbagai sumber primer dan sekunder yang berkaitan dengan kajian. Temu bual bersama hakim Mahkamah Syariah juga dilakukan untuk menyokong dapatan kajian. Hasil tinjauan mendapati, terdapat beberapa isu berbangkit di Mahkamah Syariah seperti kewujudan Konvensyen Antarabangsa memberi kesan kepada Undang-undang Keluarga Islam, isu peruntukan ḥaḍānah dianggap bias kepada wanita, pengamalan hak penjagaan tunggal kurang efektif, ketiadaan tafsiran khusus untuk kebajikan kanak-kanak Muslim, isu penentuan agama kanak-kanak bagi ibu bapa yang berbeza agama dalam ḥaḍānah. Kajian ini juga mengenal pasti perkembangan positif dalam penyelesaian kes haḍānah dari sudut pengaplikasiannya iaitu cadangan menafsirkan makna kepentingan dan kebajikan anak-anak dalam ḥaḍānah, konsep maṣlaḥah sebagai kayu ukur kebajikan kanak-kanak, pemberian hak bersama kepada ibu bapa, pemerkasaan fungsi sulh dalam ḥaḍānah, cadangan penubuhan Mahkamah Keluarga, penglibatan pakar kanak-kanak dalam pelbagai disiplin. Walau bagaimanapun, secara umumnya terdapat sebahagian cadangan ini masih ada yang belum dijalankan dan masih di tahap penilaian.  Maka, kajian ini mencadangkan aspek-aspek ini perlu dikaji dan panduan khusus perlu dibentuk dan diharmonikan berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip kebajikan haḍānah bagi mencapai Maqāṣid Al-Sharī ̒ah di sebalik hukum ini bersesuaian dengan tuntutan peredaran zaman, masa dan sosial di Malaysia.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abū Dāwud Sulaymān Bin Al-Ash ͑ast Bin Ishāq Bin Bashīr Bin Shadad Bin ͑Amrū Al-Azdī Al-Sijistānī. (t.t.). Sunan Abū Dawud, Beirut, Lubnan: Al-Maktabah ͑ Asriyyah.

Abū Dāwud, Sulaimān Bin Al-AshÑath Bin Ishāq Bin Bashīr Bin Shadād Bin ʿAmru Al-Azdī Al-Sijastānī. Sunan Abī Dāwud. (t.t.) . Beirut: Al-Maktabah Al-ÑAsriyyah.

Abū Muhammad Al-Husayn Bin Masʿūd Bin Muhammad Bin Al-Farāʾ Al-Baghawī Al-Shafiʿī Muhyiddīn Al-Sunnah. (1999). Maʿālim Al-Tanzīl Fī Tafsīr Al-Qurān Au Tafsīr Al-Baghawī. Beirut, Lubnan: Dār Al-Turath ʿArabī.

Abu Muhammad Ali bin Ahmad bin Said bin Hazm AL-Andalusi Al-Qurtubi Al-Zāhiri, Al-Muhalla Bil Athar. (n.d). Beirut, Lubnan: Dar Al-Fikr.

Ahmad Nizam Abbas, Arif A. Jamal, Halijah Mohammad & Jaclyn L. Neo. (2019). Recent Developments in Muslim Law Practice in Singapore, The Singapore Law Gazette. https://lawgazette.com.sg/feature/recent-developments-in-muslim-law-practice-in-singapore/ [15 November 2020].

Akbar Kamarudin@ Abdul Shukor. (2013). A Socio-Legal Study in Father’s Visitation Right After Divorce in Malaysia. Ph.D Thesis, Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah Of Law, International Islamic University Malaysia.

Al-Sharbīnī, Shamsuddīn, Muhammad Bin Ahmad Al Khaṭīb Al-Sharbīnī. (1994). Al- Mughnī Al-Muhtāj ila maʿrifati maʿānī Alfāz Al-Minhāj. Beirut, Lubnan: Dār Al-Kutub Al-ʿIlmiyyah.

Al-Ṣhāṭibī, Ibrahim Bin Musa Bin Muhammad Al-Lakhmī Al-Gharnātī Al-Ṣhāṭibī. (1997).Al-Muwāfaqāt. Kaherah, Mesir: Dār Ibn ʿAffān.

Ayesha Rafiq (2014). Child Custody in Classical Islamic Law and Laws of Contemporary Muslim World (An Analysis). International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 4(5): 267–277.

Azlan Shah Nabees Khan & Mohd Al-adib Al-Samuri. (2021). Unilateral Conversion of Minors to Islam: Legal Discourse and Muslim Converts’ Narrative on Custody and Religious Rights in Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia, 1–23.

Fadilla Shaharom & Mahamatayuding Samah. (2017). Ratifikasi CEDAW di Malaysia: Kesan Menurut Undang-Undang dan Hukum Syarak. Journal of Shariah Law Research, 2(2): 207–234.

Available at: http://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/focus-areas/ (Accessed: 18 June 2020).

Faiz Aiman, Ainan Husna And Azizah .(2021). Shared Parenting Vs Sole Custody In Malaysian Shariah Courts: Lessons From Covid-19. INSLA E-Proceedings, 4(1):11-23.

Farid Sufian Shuaib. (2017). Kesan Globalisasi terhadap Undang-undang Islam di Malaysia (The Effect of Globalization on Islamic Laws in Malaysia), Jurnal Kanun 29(2):15–35.

Hashim, N. H. and Sahari, S. (2017). Judicial Approaches in Custodial Cases Relating to Mumayyiz Children. Pertanika J. Social Sciences & Humanities 25: 217–224.

Herna Naping. (2017). The Application of Maslahah in Deciding Fasakh and Hadanah cases in Shariah court of Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur. Master Thesis. Kuliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. International Islamic University Malaysia.

Ibn Hajar Al-ʿAsqalanī, Abū Al-Faḍl Ahmad Bin ʿAlī Bin Muhammad Bin Ahmad Bin Hajar Al-ʿAsqalanī. (2003). Bulugh Al-Marām Min Adillati Al-Ahkām. Riyaḍ: Dār Al-Falāq.

Ibn Nujaym Zaynuddin Bin Ibrahīm Bin Muhammad. (n.d). Al-Bahr Al-Rāiq Sharh Kanz Al-Daqāiq. Cairo, Egypt: Dār Al-Kutub Al-Islamiy.

L. Neville Brown. (1966). The Legal Background To The Family Court’, The British Journal of Criminology. JSTOR, 6(1): 139–151.

Marzuki Mohamad. (2017). Contesting Syariah Laws in Malaysia: Religion, Human Rights and the State’s Response’, Journal of Politics and Law. Canadian Center of Science and Education, 10(5): 140–152.

Mehrun Siraj. (2012). Resolving Child Custody Disputes: The Law & Practice in Malaysia.Edisi Pertama. Singapore: Lexis. Nexis.

Meyer Elkin. (1987). Joint Custody: Affirming that Parents and Families Are Forever. Social Work. Oxford Academic, 32(1): 18–24.

Ministry of Women Family Community Development. tt. Press Release Malaysia Successfully Presented Reports On The Convention On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).

http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/SessionDetails1.aspx?SessionID=115 [17 May 2021].

Mohamed Azam Mohamed Adil & Rafeah Saidon. (2017). Religion as a Determinant of Child Welfare in Custody Cases in Malaysia and Classical Islamic Law : A Comparative Overview. Islam and Civilisational Renewal, 8(1): 35–46.

Mohd. Hashim Kamali. (1989). Siyasah Shar’iyah or the Policies of Islamic Government. American Journal of Islam and Society. International Institute of Islamic Thought 6(1): 59–80.

Möller, Lena. (2016). Improving Women’s Rights Through Children’s Rights? The Reform of Custody Laws in Contemporary Muslim Jurisdictions’, in. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2874236.

Mudasra Sabreen. (2017). Custody in Islamic Presumptions Law : A Based on Presumptions. Islamic Studies. 56(4): 223–243.

Muhammad Bin Ahmad Bin Abī Sahl Shams Al-Aimmah Al-Sarakhsī. (1993). Al-Mabsūṭ. Beirut, Lubnan: Dār Al-Maʿrifah.

Najibah Mohd Zin, Hidayati Mohamed Jani, Abdul Ghafur Hamid, Nora Abdul Hak. (2019). Jurisdictional conflict in interfaith child custody disputes: A legal discourse in malaysian courts. Al-Shajarah, 24(1): 1–24.

Najibah Mohd Zin & Roslina Che Soh. (2012).Legal Disputes in Determining the Religion of the Child when one Parent Converts to Islam under Malaysian Law. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(11): 66-73.

Najibah Mohd Zin. (2003). For The Best Intererst of The Child: The Impact on The New Approach of Custody Order In Malaysian Legislation. IIUM Law Journal 11(1): 65–81.

Najibah Mohd Zin. (2005). How The Best Interests of The Child is best Served in Islamic Law with The Special Reference To its Application in The Malaysian Shariah Court. Jurnal Undang-Undang: 323-347

Noor Naemah Abd. Rahman, Abdul Karim Ali dan Ridwan Ahmad. (2018). .Keterikatan Fatwa Kepada Mazhab Syafi'i: Analisis Terhadap Fatwa-Fatwa Jemaah Ulama Majlis Agama Islam dan Adat Istiadat Melayu Kelantan. Journal of Fatwa Management and Research 7 (1): 7-35.

Nora Abdul Hak, et al. (2019). Literature Review On Mediation/Sulh In Resolving Child Custody Disputes In The Syariah Court In Malaysia. Anjuran International Scientific Conference on Economy and Social Development. Split,: Varazdin Development and Entrepreneurship Agency (VADEA), 371–384.

Nur Asyikin Hamzah. (2018). Pelaksanaan Peruntukan Perlindungan Dan Kebajikan Kanak-Kanak Menurut Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam Di Malaysia: Kajian Dari Perspektif Konvensyen Hak Kanak-Kanak 1989. Thesis Ph.D. Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.

OHCHR, Convention on the Rights of the Child. article 18 UNCRC https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx. [16 Julai 2020]

Rafiq, Usman. (2011). Financial Rights of the children in UNCRC 1989 and Islamic Law. Edisi Pertama. Saarbrucken, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing.

Rojanah Kahar & Najibah Mohd Zin. (2011). ‘Child related policy and legislative reforms in Malaysia. International Journal of Social Policy and Society 8: 6–36.

Roslina Che Soh & Nora Abdul Hak. (2011). Application of Maslahah (interest) in deciding the right of Hadanah (custody) of a child: The practice in the Syariah court of Malaysia. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 7(Special Issue): 2182–2188.

Roslina Che Soh. (2011). Shared Parenting As An Interpretation Of The Best Interest Of The Child In Custody Disputes: An Overview Of The Practice In Malaysia. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 7(13): 2405–2410.

Sayyid Sabiq. (1990). Fiqh Al-Sunnah. Edisi Pertama Beirut, Lubnan: Dār Al-Jail.

Seksyen 104. Mahkamah hendaklah mengambil kira tentang nasihat pegawai kebajikan, dsb. (Akta Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1984 - Akta 303).tt. http://www2.esyariah.gov.my/esyariah/mal/portalv1/enakmen/Federal_Updated.nsf/b3ac9c218c8efdc4482568310022d8b3/d5c4abb1be69192848256fd5002b9715?OpenDocument

Seksyen 2. Tafsiran (Akta Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1984 - Akta 303) (tt). http://www2.esyariah.gov.my/esyariah/mal/portalv1/enakmen/Federal_Updated.nsf/b3ac9c218c8efdc4482568310022d8b3/72f0110a197fbc1248256fd50004e0c0?OpenDocument [5 February 2021].

Seksyen 46. Pertukaran Agama (Akta Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1984 - Akta 303). (tt).http://www2.esyariah.gov.my/esyariah/mal/portalv1/enakmen/Federal_Updated.nsf/b3ac9c218c8efdc4482568310022d8b3/abd6f178d0ee549b48256fd5001138f2?OpenDocument

Seksyen 81. Orang yang berhak menjaga kanak-kanak (Akta Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1984 - Akta 303) (tt).http://www2.esyariah.gov.my/esyariah/mal/portalv1/enakmen/Federal_Updated.nsf/b3ac9c218c8efdc4482568310022d8b3/ab90ca9a8704269348256fd500248cbd?OpenDocument [ 14 Mei 2021]

Seksyen 82. Kelayakan yang perlu untuk jagaan (Akta Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1984 - Akta 303) (tt). http://www2.esyariah.gov.my/esyariah/mal/portalv1/enakmen/Federal_Updated.nsf/b3ac9c218c8efdc4482568310022d8b3/99f392b6d18b52c848256fd50024eb12?OpenDocument [1 March 2021].

Seksyen 83. Bagaimana hak jagaan hilang (Akta Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1984 - Akta 303).tt. http://www2.esyariah.gov.my/esyariah/mal/portalv1/enakmen/Federal_Updated.nsf/b3ac9c218c8efdc4482568310022d8b3/b9a51c71d8f58bb448256fd5002548d2?OpenDocument [15 Mei 2021].

Seksyen 84. Tempoh jagaan (Akta Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1984 - Akta 303). t.t. http://www2.esyariah.gov.my/esyariah/mal/portalv1/enakmen/Federal_Updated.nsf/b3ac9c218c8efdc4482568310022d8b3/31d504b078735a3948256fd500269579?OpenDocument [10 Oktober 2021].

Seksyen 86 Kuasa Mahkamah membuat perintah mengenai jagaan(Akta Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1984 - Akta 303). (tt). http://www2.esyariah.gov.my/esyariah/mal/portalv1/enakmen/Federal_Updated.nsf/b3ac9c218c8efdc4482568310022d8b3/9f5cd50e3856f27f48256fd5002744d7?OpenDocument [2 November 2021].

Seksyen 87. Perintah tertakluk kepada syarat-syarat (Akta Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1984 - Akta 303).tt. Http://www2.esyariah.gov.my/esyariah/mal/portalv1/enakmen/Federal_Updated.nsf/b3ac9c218c8efdc4482568310022d8b3/ee981910ec20cf9e48256fd50027d52f?OpenDocument [6 February 2021].

Shazalyna Mohammad. (2012). The Paradox of Women’s Rights: Malaysia’s Struggle Towards Legal and Religious Pluralism. Master Thesis. Department of the Faculty of Law, University of Toronto.

Suzana, A. *, Roslina, C. S. and Najibah (2017) ‘Application of Shared Parenting in Malaysia: Appraising the Australian Experience’, Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum, 25(s), pp. 293–300.

Umar Ali. (2009). Hadanah dalam Konvensi Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi Terhadap Perempuan (CEDAW) perspektif hukum Islam). Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga.

Wahbah Zuhaylī. (2010). Al Fiqh Al Islāmiy Wa Adilatuhu. Edisi ke-32. Damsyik Syria: Dar Al Fikr.

World Fit For Children, UNICEF. 2002. https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/A_World_Fit_for_Children_072808.pdf [4 January 2021].

Zaini Nasohah. (2002). Penceraian : Hak Wanita Islam. Edisi Pertama. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publication & Distributors Sdn Bhd.

Zanariah Noor. (2010). Aplikasi Prinsip Kebajikan Kanak-Kanak Dalam Kes Hadanah. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law (2): 63–93.

Published

2021-12-31

How to Cite

Mohamad, N., Najibah Mohd Zin, & Sitiris, M. (2021). IMPLEMENTASI ḤAḌĀNAH DI MAHKAMAH SYARIAH MALAYSIA: SOROTAN LITERATUR: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ḤAḌĀNAH IN MALAYSIAN SHARĪ ̒AH COURT: A LITERATURE REVIEW. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 9(2), 39–65. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol9no2.335