قراءة في أدلّة النّسب في ضوء مباحث التّعبّد والتّعليل: دراسة تأصيليّة تحليليّة
AN EXAMINATION OF EVIDENCE OF LINEAGE IN THE LIGHT OF THEMES OF WORSHIP AND REASONING: A CONCEPTUAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol12no3.788Keywords:
Worship, reasoning, proof, denial, lineage, التعبد, التعليل, إثبات, نفي, النسبAbstract
The issue of lineage in Islamic jurisprudence has long attracted scholarly attention due to its relevance across various Fiqh chapters. As human knowledge, particularly in genetics, has advanced, this interest has evolved. Today, modern techniques like DNA testing can accurately establish lineage, prompting a need to evaluate whether such methods are valid for affirming, denying, or proving lineage. This requires a review of traditional legal evidences on lineage and an exploration of whether analogy (qiyās) can be applied to these contemporary methods, making this research highly significant. One of the most important perspectives through which this topic can be examined—and which has not received sufficient research and study—is the consideration of the legal texts related to lineage and the extent to which they are devotional or subject to reasoning, and thus whether analogy can be applied to them, which is the core issue of this research. According to the researchers’ knowledge, no study has yet been conducted that exclusively addresses this topic from this particular angle, thoroughly explores it, and sheds light on its complexities. To resolve this issue and achieve the objective of this study, the researchers gathered as many scholarly opinions as they could find regarding the evidences for lineage and assessed them through the lens of ta‘abbud (devotion) and ta‘līl (rationalization) using an inductive method. They then proceeded to analyze and explore these opinions and evidences, grounding them in jurisprudential foundations. Afterward, they reconstructed their findings into a clear and well-defined framework. This led them to the conclusion that there is only one definitive proof for establishing lineage, which is the valid marriage— despite differences among scholars regarding its precise meaning. Some defined it as merely the contract between a man and a woman, others as the possibility of consummation, while a third group held that actual consummation must have occurred. Any other forms of evidence serve only to reveal lineage. The study also concluded that there is only one definitive proof for disavowing lineage, which is the dālīl al-li‘ān (the procedure of mutual cursing). The Ḥanafī school held that the proof for establishing lineage is based on ta‘abbud (devotional compliance), while the majority of scholars believed it to be based on ta‘līl (rationalization). The majority then differed regarding the rationale: most confined it to legitimate marital relations (firāsh shar‘ī), whereas some extended it to any situation where the rationale is present, as long as it is not contradicted by established legitimate marital relations. Similarly, scholars differed in their views on the evidences for revealing lineage. Finally, the researchers concluded that the proof for disavowing lineage—liʿān—is considered taʿabbudi (devotional) according to some scholars, while others view it as rationalized (muʿallal) by a limited rationale. In both cases, it cannot be extended or analogized. Based on this, the study contributes to regulating and establishing the foundations for all contemporary methods used in determining lineage. Accordingly, the researchers recommend reconsidering all issues related to lineage determination through modern methods and aligning them with the conclusions reached in this study.
ملخص
مسألة النّسب في الفقه الإسلامي مِن المسائل التي حَظيت باهتمام كبير مِن العلماء؛ نظرًا لارتباطها بالعديد مِن أبواب الفقه. وتجدد الاهتمام بها مع تطور العلوم الوراثية، خاصة مع اكتشاف الحمض النووي (DNA) وقدرته على تحديد النسب، الأمر الذي يتطلب بحثًا عن مدى اعتبار مثل هذه الوسائل المعاصرة في إثبات النسب، أو إظهاره، أو نفيه؛ وهذا بدوره يتطلب دراسة للأدلة الشرعية للنسب ومعرفة إمكانية القياس عليها مِن عدمه، وبهذا تظهر أهمية هذه الدراسة. ولعل مِن أهم الزوايا التي يُنظَر إلى هذا الموضوع مِن خلالها -والتي لم تحظَ ببحث ودراسة كافيَين- النّظر في نصوص الشارع المتعلقة بالنسب، وإدراك مدى تعبديتها من تعليلها، وبالتالي إمكان القياس عليها مِن عدمه، وهنا تَكْمُن مشكلة هذا البحث؛ إذ إنّه لا تتوفر -بحسب اطلاع الباحثَين- دراسة مستقلة تتناول الموضوع مِن هذه الزاوية وتحيط به وتزيل الغبار عنه. وعليه فقد قام الباحثان بجمع ما استطاعا الوصول إليه مِن أقوال للعلماء حول أدلة النسب، وتكييفها في ضوء مباحث التعبد والتعليل عبر منهج استقرائي، ثم عَمَدا إلى ما جمعاه مِن أقوال ودلائل وقاما بتحليلها والتأصيل لها، ثم أعادا تركيبها في صورة واضحة المعالم، مكتملة البناء؛ توصلا مِن خلالها إلى أنَّ للنسب دليل واحد يثبت به وهو دليل الفراش -على اختلاف بين العلماء في معناه-. وما عداه مِن أدلة فإنما هي لإظهار النسب. كذلك دليل نفي النسب واحد وهو دليل اللعان. وقد ذهب الحنفية إلى تعبدية دليل إثبات النسب، بينما ذهب جمهور العلماء إلى تعليله، ثم اختلف الجمهور في هذه العلة فجعلها أكثرهم مقتصرة على الفراش الشرعي، بينما ذهب البعض إلى تعديتها إلى كل حالة توفرت فيها العلة ما لم يعارضها فراش شرعي ثابت. وبنفس الطريقة اختلفت آراء العلماء في أدلة إظهار النسب. وأخيرًا فقد تَبيَّن للباحثَين أنّ دليل نفي النسب -اللعان- تعبدي على رأي بعض العلماء، بينما هو معلل بعلة قاصرة على رأي فريق آخر، وهو في كلا الحالتين لا يمكن تعديته ولا القياس عليه. وبناء على ما سبق فإنّ هذا البحث يسهم في ضبط كافة الوسائل المعاصرة المستخدمة في التعرف على النسب ويؤصل لها. وعليه فإنّ الباحثَين يوصيان بإعادة النظر في كافة المسائل المبنية على تحديد النسب مِن خلال الوسائل المعاصرة، وبنائها على ما توصل إليه هذا البحث من نتائج.
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