WASA’IL ITHBAT DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG KETERANGAN ISLAM: ANALISIS PERUNDANGAN TERHADAP KEABSAHAN DOKUMEN ELEKTRONIK DI MAHKAMAH SYARIAH MALAYSIA

MEANS OF PROOF IN ISLAMIC LAW OF EVIDENCE: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE ADMISSIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS IN MALAYSIAN SYARIAH COURTS

Authors

  • Mohamad Aniq Aiman Alias Fakulti Syariah dan Undang-Undang, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia / Centre of Research for Fiqh Forensics and Judiciary (CFORSJ), Fakulti Syariah dan Undang-Undang, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8417-7152
  • Wan Abdul Fattah Wan Ismail Fakulti Syariah dan Undang-Undang, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia / Centre of Research for Fiqh Forensics and Judiciary (CFORSJ), Fakulti Syariah dan Undang-Undang, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
  • Ahmad Syukran Baharuddin Fakulti Syariah dan Undang-Undang, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia / Centre of Research for Fiqh Forensics and Judiciary (CFORSJ), Fakulti Syariah dan Undang-Undang, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia / International Advisory Board Member, Mejellat Al-Afaq wa Al-Maarif (JSKP), Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Sciences and Civilization, University Amar Telidji of Laghouat, BP 37G, Road of Ghardaia, 03000 Laghouat, Algeria / Associate Editor, Journal of Contemporary Maqasid Studies, Maqasid Institute, United States of America (USA) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-2922
  • Muzaffar Syah Mallow Fakulti Syariah dan Undang-Undang, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9987-4469

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol12no3.792

Keywords:

Dokumen elektronik, keterangan, wasa'il ithbat, Mahkamah Syariah, Undang-Undang Keterangan Islam, keabsahan, electronic documents, evidence, Syariah court, Islamic law of evidence, validity

Abstract

In recent years, electronic documents have gained significant attention in legal proceedings, especially with the emergence of modern technology extensively utilized across various segments of society. Their convenient and rapid accessibility via electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, or tablets enables interested parties to obtain necessary information with ease. In Syariah courts, electronic documents serve as crucial evidence in either establishing an individual’s guilt or exonerating the innocent. Nonetheless, questions arise regarding the admissibility of such evidence under Syariah law in Malaysia and its function in trial proceedings. Therefore, this article aims to clarify the position of electronic document evidence in Malaysian Islamic evidence law by examining the concept of electronic documents as wasa’il ithbat, the relevant Islamic legal justifications (holy Quran, hadith and qawāʿid fiqhiyyah), and the statutory provisions applicable within the context of Islamic law of evidence in Malaysia. Several cases from Malaysian Syariah courts are analyzed to assess the validity of electronic evidence. The study further identifies challenges faced by Syariah legal practitioners and proposes measures to enhance the management of electronic evidence in the future. A qualitative method involving document analysis of both primary and secondary data was adopted to achieve the research objectives. Findings indicate that Malaysian Syariah courts do accept electronic documents as evidence in line with existing legal provisions and Islamic jurisprudence; however, issues concerning authenticity and reliability warrant closer attention. Accordingly, comprehensive guidelines, technological training for judges and court officers, and comparative studies with civil courts are recommended to reinforce the integrity and efficiency of electronic evidence management going forward.

 

Abstrak

Sejak akhir-akhir ini, dokumen dalam bentuk elektronik semakin mendapat perhatian dalam proses perundangan, khususnya dengan kemunculan teknologi moden yang digunakan secara meluas oleh setiap lapisan masyarakat. Aksesnya yang mudah dan pantas melalui peranti elektronik seperti komputer, telefon pintar, atau tablet memudahkan pihak berkaitan memperoleh maklumat yang diperlukan. Di Mahkamah Syariah, dokumen elektronik berperanan sebagai hujah penting sama ada untuk membuktikan kesalahan seseorang ataupun membebaskan individu yang tidak bersalah. Walau bagaimanapun, timbul persoalan mengenai penerimaan bentuk keterangan sebegini dalam undang-undang Syariah di Malaysia dan bagaimana ia berfungsi dalam prosiding perbicaraan. Oleh itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kedudukan keterangan dokumen elektronik dalam undang-undang keterangan Islam di Malaysia dengan memahami konsep dokumen elektronik sebagai wasa’il ithbat, dalil pensyariatannya, serta peruntukan undang-undang yang berkaitan dalam konteks undang-undang keterangan Islam di Malaysia. Beberapa kes di Mahkamah Syariah Malaysia juga turut dianalisis untuk menilai keabsahan bukti secara elektronik. Kajian ini juga mengenal pasti cabaran yang dihadapi oleh pengamal undang-undang Syariah dan seterusnya mencadangkan langkah penambahbaikan bagi memantapkan pengurusan keterangan elektronik pada masa akan datang. Pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen terhadap data primer dan sekunder digunakan bagi mencapai objektif kajian ini. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan Mahkamah Syariah Malaysia menerima dokumen elektronik sebagai keterangan selaras dengan peruntukan undang-undang sedia ada dan dalil syarak, namun isu berkaitan ketulenan dan kebolehpercayaan memerlukan perhatian khusus. Justeru, garis panduan terperinci, latihan teknologi kepada hakim dan pegawai mahkamah, serta kajian perbandingan dengan mahkamah sivil dicadangkan bagi meningkatkan integriti dan kecekapan pengurusan keterangan elektronik pada masa akan datang.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdul Rahim, A., & Abdul Manap, N. (2016). Jenayah berkaitan dengan komputer: Perspektif undang-undang Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Ahmadol Marzuki, N. A., Tahir, Z., & Mohamad Nasri, N. (2020). Penguasaan Kemahiran teknologi komunikasi dan maklumat (ICT) terhadap kecekapan kerja. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 17(9), 140-157.

Ajmawati Atan lwn Moriazi Mohamad (2005) 1 CLJ (SYA) 54.

Akta Keterangan Mahkamah Syariah (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1997 [Akta 561].

Akta Tandatangan Elektronik Mesir 2004.

Al-Humaidi., & Ibrahim, A. A. (1989). Al-Qada’ wa nizamuhu fi al-kitab wa al-sunah. Makkah: Maahad al-Buhuthal-‘Ilmiyyah.

Al-Ḥumaydī. (1989). Al-Qada’ wa nizamuhu fi al-kitab wa al-sunnah. Makkah: Maahad al-Buhuth al-‘Ilmiyyah.

Alias, M. (2023). Forensic science and its application in documentary evidence in Malaysian Syariah courts. Kanun: Jurnal Undang-Undang Malaysia, 36(1), 107-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37052/kanun.36(1)no6

Alias, M. A. A. (2022). The falsification of documents in marriage cases under the civil and Syariah courts in Malaysia: An appraisal analysis. (Disertasi Sarjana). Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan.

Alias, M. A. A., Mohd Jailani, M. R., Wan Ismail, W. A. F., & Baharuddin, A. S. (2024). The integration of five main goals of shariah in the production of science and technology for human well-being. AL-MAQASID: The International Journal of Maqasid Studies and Advanced Islamic Research, 5(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.55265/al-maqasid.v5i1.79

Alias, M. A. A., Wan Ismail, W. A. F., Baharuddin, A. S., & Abdul Mutalib, L. (2021). Legal analysis of Syariah court evidence law on digital document as evidence and its admissibility in court proceedings. Journal of Management and Muamalah, 11(2), 54 - 64.

Anwarullah. (2010). Principles of evidence in Islam. Kuala Lumpur: A.S. Noordeen.

Hashim, H., Wan Ismail, W. A. F., Baharuddin, A. S., Abdul Mutalib, L., Mamat, Z., Alias, M. A. A., N. Z., & Mohammed Hasan, B. M. (2024). Isu serta cabaran dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran (PnP) subjek Undang-Undang Jenayah Islam di era teknologi digital. In Proceeding of the Seminar Kebangsaan Usul Fiqh (iSUFI), (pp. 22-27). Penerbit USIM.

Ibn al-Arabi. (1967). Ahkam al-quran. Isa al-Babi al-Halabi.

Ibn Hajar. (1996). Fath al-bari syarh sahih al-buhari. Beirut: Dar al-Ma‘rifat.

Ibn Kathir. (2003). Tafsir ibnu katsir. Indonesia: Pustaka Imam asy-Syafi’i.

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah. (2007). Al-Turuq al-hukmiyyah fi al-siyasah al-syar‘iyyah. Makkah: Dar ‘Am al-Fawa‘id.

Ibnu Farhun, M. (1995). Tabsirah al-hukkam fi usul al-uqdiyyah wa manahij al-ahkam. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.

Ibnu Qudamah. (1996). Al-Mughni. Al-Qaherah: Dar al-Hadith.

Ibnu Taimiyyah. (1995). Majmu’ al-Fatawa’. Medina: Majmu al-Malik Fahad Litiba’ah al.

Ismail, M. (2006). Kedudukan bahan bukti (exhibit) elektronik dan digital dalam keterangan: masalah dan cabaran masa kini. Insaf: The Journal of the Malaysian Bar, 35(1), 1-14

Jamal, J. (2011). Kebolehterimaan teknologi dalam undang-undang keterangan Islam di Mahkamah Syariah. Jurnal Hukum, 33(1), 1-12.

Marqus, S. (1981). Usul al-Ithbat wa Ijra’atuhu fi al-Mawad al-Madaniyyah fi al-Qanun al-Misri. Al-Qaherah: ‘Alam al-Kutub.

Mohamad, A. M. (2019). Admissibility and authenticity of electronic evidence in the courts of Malaysia and United Kingdom. International Journal of Law, Government and Communication, 4(15), 121-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.4150013

Mokhtar, M. F., Wan Ismail, W. A. F., & Baharuddin, A. S. (2020). Pembuktian melalui dokumen dalam kes-kes pengesahan hibah di Mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia: Documents as evidence in hibah validation cases in Syariah Courts in Malaysia. In International Seminar on Syariah and Law, (pp. 194-206). Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. https://insla.usim.edu.my/index.php/eproceeding/article/view/44

Mokhtar, M. F., Wan Ismail, W. A. F., & Baharuddin, A. S. (2024). Pembuktian dokumen persendirian elektronik berdasarkan Akta 561 dan Enakmen Keterangan Mahkamah Syariah (Perak) 2004 (EKMS Perak 2004). Al-Qanatir: International Journal of Islamic Studies, 33(4), 44-63.

Moriazi bin Mohamad lwn Ajmawati bte Attan (2005) 4 SHLR 108.

Mursilalaili Mustapa, S. (2020). The position of electronic evidence under Islamic law and Malaysian law of evidence. Gombak: International Islamic University Malaysia.

Paul, A. (2010). Evidence: Practice and procedure. Selangor: LexisNexis Malaysia.

Pendakwa Syarie lwn A Mohad A/L Sahab Bin Husin (2013) 3 SHLR 33.

Pendakwa Syarie lwn Zulkifli bin Othman (2013) 4 SHLR 92.

Rafie, M., & Ismail, S. M. (2018). Pemakaian prinsip undang-undang sivil dalam penghakiman kes di mahkamah syariah: Satu kajian kes. In International Conference on Law & Islamic Jurisprudence, Langkawi UKM 2017 (pp. 1–21).

Saepullah, U., & Hopipah, E. N. (2023). Domestic violence in the perspective of civil and Islamic criminal law. Al-‘Adalah, 20(2), 427-452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v20i2.19438

Saifuddin, S., Markom, R., & Muhamad, M. (2019). A Comparative study between the law of evidence used in the Syariah Court And the Civil Court in Malaysia in the context of methods of proof and Shariah law. Kanun: Jurnal Undang-Undang Malaysia, 31(1), 1-34.

Siti Fatimah bte Abd Karim lwn Majlis Agama Islam Melaka (2007) 2 SHLR 136.

SM Faisal SM Nasimuddin lwn Maria Chin Abdullah (2023) 7 MLJ 485.

Stoykova, R. (2021). Digital evidence: Unaddressed threats to fairness and the presumption of innocence. Computer Law & Security Review, 42, 1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105575

Thong, G. (2022). “Peguam: Teknologi, pembaharuan boleh tambah baik proses mahkamah”. Malaysiakini. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/637343

Volonino, L. (2003). Electronic evidence and computer forensics. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 12(1), 27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.01227

Walia, I, K., & Kumar, D. (2021). Need for revamping information technology laws in India. Brawijaya Law Journal, 8(2), 202–215. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.blj.2021.008.02.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.blj.2021.008.02.03

Wan Ismail, W. A. F. (2020). Keterangan dokumentar menurut fiqh dan undang-undang keterangan Islam di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Wan Ismail, W. A. F., Abdul Shukor, S., & Hashim, H., & Baharuddin, A. S. (2018). Pembuktian melalui televisyen/kamera litar tertutup (CCTV) dalam kes-kes jenayah: Tinjauan umum berdasarkan undang-undang keterangan Islam. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law (MJSL). 474(6194), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0051393

Wan Ismail, W. A. F., Baharuddin, A. S., Mutalib, L. A., & Alias, M. A. A. (2021). A systematic analysis on the admissibility of digital documents as evidence in Malaysian Syariah courts. Pertanika Journal: Social Sciences & Humanities, 29(3), 1981-1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.29.3.26

Yahya, A., Azam, A., & Hassan, A. (2017). Keterangan dokumen dalam bentuk digital di Mahkamah Syariah: Analisis berkaitan definisi serta kebolehterimaannya di sisi prinsip Syariah di Malaysia. UKM Journal Article Repository, 1, 1-12.

Yahya, M. A., Mohd Shariff, A. A., & Khalid, N. N. (2024). Proses pengumpulan keterangan dokumen elektronik. Bangi: Penerbit UKM.

Yahya, M. A., Mohd Shariff, A. A., Mat Rashid, A., & Yusro Ashim, F. (2020). Pengemukaan dokumen elektronik sebagai keterangan dalam perbicaraan Mahkamah Syariah: Tendering of electronic documents as evidence in Syariah Court trials. Jurnal Undang-Undang Masyarakat, 27, 55-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/juum-2020-27-06

Zulhendra, J., Firdaus., & Wirman, H. P. (2023). The crown witness from the point of view of Islamic criminal law in truth discovery. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 8(1), 155-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v8i1.6918

Published

2024-12-31

How to Cite

Alias, M. A. A., Wan Ismail, W. A. F., Baharuddin, A. S., & Syah Mallow, M. (2024). WASA’IL ITHBAT DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG KETERANGAN ISLAM: ANALISIS PERUNDANGAN TERHADAP KEABSAHAN DOKUMEN ELEKTRONIK DI MAHKAMAH SYARIAH MALAYSIA: MEANS OF PROOF IN ISLAMIC LAW OF EVIDENCE: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE ADMISSIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS IN MALAYSIAN SYARIAH COURTS. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 12(3), 689–700. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol12no3.792