THE FAREWELL ADDRESS OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD: A UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol6no3.94Keywords:
Farewell address, Human rights, United Nations universal declaration on human rights, Islamic law, Prophet Muhammad.Abstract
A critical examination of the farewell address of Prophet Muhammad during his pilgrimage in the 7th century reveals that the pronouncements made therein pass messages on conducts that cuts across various sectors of human values and attitudinal characteristics. Though, the address was delivered hundreds of years before the United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948, but it is, however, acknowledged as a significant and valuable human rights codes ever bequeathed to mankind, in the sense that the majority of issues on human rights that are now universally celebrated and jealously guided, such as rights to life, property, dignity, freedom from discrimination, rights of the women, to mention but a few, were taken from this address. Thus, the address deserves a special examination to appreciate the rubric of thought provoking issues raised by the Prophet as they are found to inure to the advancement of human rights in the contemporary era. To this end, this paper examines the various human rights issues raised in the address with the aim of comparing it with the modern human rights declarations. The conclusion drawn from the study is that, without an in-depth understanding of the messages of this farewell address, a study of human rights in International law cannot be said to have been completed. Also, any modern study on the historical foundation of human rights declaration will be missing a significant landmark period without objective consideration and reference to this historic farewell address.
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References
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Al-‘Afifi, T. A. (n.d.). Haqq al-Jar. Dar al-Matbu‘ah al-‘Arabiyyah.
Ali, M. (n.d.). The Farewell Address of the holy Prophet Muhammad P. B. U. H – the Islamic Charter of Humanity. http://muslimcanada.org/farewell.htm (accessed on 30th June, 2015).
Ali, Y. O. (1999). Islam as the Flashlight of Universal Human Rights Formulation. Al-Maslaha – Journal of Law and Religion, 2.
Al-Ilory, A. A. (2012). Huquq al-Insan bayna al-Adyan al-Samawiyyah wa al-Qawanin al-Zamaniyyah. Cairo: Maktabat al-Wahabah.
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Al-Qaradawi, Y. (1993). The Status of Women in Islam. Trans: Muhammad Gamea’ah. Islamic Home Publishing and Distribution.
Amzat, O. A. (2009). Child’s Right Act 2003 and the Muslim Child. Contemporary Issues in Islamic Jurisprudence. Benin City: Rawel Fortune Resources.
Badamasiuy, J. (2009). Obligations and Rights of the Parents under the Child’s Rights Act: A Shariah Perspective. Kaduna: Zakara Communications Limited.
Badmas, H.Y. (2013). Maqasid al-Shari’h: A General Overview of Objectives of Islamic Law. The Icon– Essays in Honour of Engr. Yusuf Olanrewaju Sagaya. Ilorin: Ilorin Emirate Students’ Union, University of Ilorin.
Bayah, A. M. (2003). Hiwar hawla ba‘dh Huquq al-Insaan fi al-Islam. Jeddah: Dar al- Andalusi al-Khasrau.
Brownlie, I., & Goodwin-Gill, G. S. (2006). Basic Documents on Human Rights. Oxford: University Press.
Chilli, (n.d.). “FAREWELL ADDRESS TO Humanity By the Last Prophet (P. B. U. H)†available at http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/islamiat/islami (accessed on 30th June, 2015).
Doi, R. I. (2001). Women in Shari’ah (Islamic Law).
Eso, K. (2008). Thoughts on Human Rights and Education. Ibadan: St. Paul’s Publishing House.
Ezejiofor, G. (1999). The Development of the Concept of Human Rights: Definition and Philosophical Foundations. Text for Human Rights Teaching in Schools, in A. O. Obilade and Clement Nwakwo (ed.). Lagos: Constitutional Rights Project, CRP, 1999.
Fari, M. G. M. 92009). The Legal Rights of Accused Persons under the Nigerian Law and Islamic Legislation. Ilorin: Unilorin Press.
Hanbali, A. M. (1422 A.H). Islamic Law Provisions for Non Muslims. Islamic Missionaries’ Association of Nigeria’s (IMAN) series of 1422 Ramadan Lectures.
Hanbali, A. M. (1993). The Place of Women in the Islamic Way of Life. Ilorin: Ibrahim Kewulere Islamic Press.
Hart, M. H. (1992). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. Citadel Press, Carol Publishing Group.
http://www.constitution.org/eng/magnacar.pdf (accessed in April, 2015).
http://www.homeofheroes.com/hallofheroes/1st_floor/birth/1bc1doc.html (accessed in May, 2015).
Hussain, S. (2001). Human Rights in Islam 3rd edition. New Delhi: Nusrat Ali Nasri for Kitab Bhavan.
Ibn Kathir, (2003). Al-Bidayaah Wa al-Nihayah, 3. Cairo: Dar al-Fajr li al-Turath.
Ishola, A. S. (2004-2006). Human Rights, the West and Islamic Law: A Case for Dichotomy. Al-Maslaha – Journal of Law and Religion, 3.
Ishola, A. S. (2005). An Overview of the Rights of the Dead under Islamic Law. The Jurist, 10.
Ishola, A. S. (2013). International Human Rights and the Call for Abolition of Death Penalty: Why is Islamic Law Not in Support? Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Human Rights Education titled: Global Convergence and Local Practice. Taipei, Taiwan: Soochow University.
Kamali, M. H. (n.d.). Fundamental Rights of the Individual: An Analysis of Haqq (Right) in Islamic Law. The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences.
Mawdudi, A. A. (1407 A.H). Human Rights in Islam. al Tawhid Journal, 4(3).
Momodu, D. (2008). Treatment of Prisoners of War under the International Humanitarian Law: Need for Sharia Options. The Jurist, 13.
Momodu, D. (2012). Child Abuse in Nigeria: The Almajiris of Northern Nigeria in Perspective. NNHRCJ, 2.
Muhammad Sindi, A. (2007). The Concise of Precision in Human Rights in Islam, 1 (1&2). Saudi Arabia: King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
National Human Rights Commission of Korea. (2013). A World of Dignity for All. Korea.
Nyazee, I. A. (2003). Islamic Law and Human Rights. Islamabad Law Review, 1 (1&2).
Nyazee, I. A. (2003). Islamic Law and the CRC (Convention on the Rights of the Child). Islamabad Law Review, 1(1 & 2).
Owojaiye, R. (2006). The Interplay of International Human Rights Law: The Self-Executing Nature of International Treaties as Expressed in the Theories of Monism and Dualism and Its Implications in the African Setting. UILJ.
Pearl, D. (1979). A Textbook on Muslim Law. London: Croom Helm Ltd.
Raji, A. F. (2001). Islam and Human Rights in Broader Perspectives. Lagos: Jam‘iyyat Junud Dinil-Islamiyyah.
Raji, A. F. (2001). Woman under the Shade of Islam (Reflections through Women Issues). Lagos: al-Mustagfirun Foundation.
Ryden, E. (2012). Finding Truth in Life: A Philosophy of Human Rights. Taipei: Fu Jen Catholic University Press for Chiang Han-sheng.
Salawu, H. (2008). Muhammad – His Immortal Messages. Ibadan: GoodWill Publishers for Dawah.
Shaw, M. N. (2003). International Law. 5th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sofia, (n.d.). Prophet Muhammad’s Farewell Address. http://blog.timesunion.com/muslimwomen/prophet-muhammads-farewell-address/654/ (accessed on 30th June, 2015).
Stacey, A. (n.d.). Human Rights in Islam– The Religion of Islam. http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/2575/viewall (accessed on 30th May, 2015).
Tantawi, M. S. (2006). Mabahith fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. Cairo: al-Azhar.
The Last Sermon (Khutbah) of Prophet Muhammad (Farewell Sermon). http://www.iqrasense.com/about-islam/the-last-sermon-khutbah-of-prophet-muhammad-farewell-sermon.html (accessed on 30th June, 2015).
Ugochukwu, B. (2003). Update on Human Rights Litigation in Nigeria. Lagos: Legal Defence Centre.
Umozurike, U.O. (1993). Introduction to International Law. Ibadan: Spectrum Law Publishing.
Zafrullah Khan, M. (n.d.). Islam and Human Rights. 5th edition. United Kingdom: Islam International Publications Ltd.
Zubair, A. Q. (2003). The Rights of Non-Muslims under the Shari‘ah. A Digest on Islamic Law and Jurisprudence in Nigeria – Essays in honour of Hon. Justice Umaru Faruk Abdullahi. Auchi: Daru al-Nur.
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Published
2018-12-20
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Yusuf, A. A., & Ishola, A. S. (2018). THE FAREWELL ADDRESS OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD: A UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, 6(3), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol6no3.94
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Copyright (c) 2018 Abdul Azeez Yusuf, Abdullahi Saliu Ishola
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