العدّة في التلقيح الصناعي: دراسة من النظر الطبي والرؤية الشرعية
The `Iddah in Artificial Insemination: A study between Medical and Shariah Point of View
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.v8i1.177Keywords:
: Artificial, Insemination, Waiting period (Iddah), Sperm, Adultery (Zina)Abstract
يعايش الناس قضايا مستجدة متنوعة، تتطلب من المسلمين بيانا للحكم الشرعي فيها، وقد استجدت على مر العصور قضايا متنوعة أدلى علماء المسلمين بما يرونه صوابا، وخرجوا على الناس بفتاوى اتبعها الناس واتخذوها قوانين مارسوا حياتهم على ضوئها. ومن المعروف أن بيان الحكم الشرعي واجب، ولا يجوز ترك قضية من القضايا بغير البيان. من هذه القضايا التي تحتاج إلى بيان قضية العدة في التلقيح الصناعي، فهي من المستحدثات التي تحتاج إلى بيان حكمها. للتلقيح الصناعي أساليب ووسائل، وله أيضا طريقان، الداخلي والخارجي. هناك أساليب سبعة يمكن تقسيمها إلى قسمين، منها ما يكون مباحا ومنها ما يكون محرما من الناحية الشرعية. هل يجب العدة في حالتين: استدخال مني الزوج إلى زوجته واستدخال المني إلى غير الزوجة. اتبع الباحثون في هذا البحث منهج الدراسة المكتبية، بحيث تجمع المواد المتعلقة بالموضوع من الكتب المعتمدة، ولكل مسألة صورتها، وتأصيلها إن كان فيها أصل من كلام الفقهاء، وتحرير محل النزاع، وسبب الخلاف، وآراء الفقهاء، والأدلة لكل رأي مع المناقشة ثم الترجيح فيها. ومن نتائج الدراسة التي توصل إليها الباحثون أن استدخال مني الزوج إلى زوجته بغير جماع، تجب العدة به؛ لأنه أقرب للعلوق من مجرد إيلاج قُطِعَ فيه بعدم الإنزال، فيحتاج إلى تعرّف براءة الرحم أكثر من مجرد الإيلاج؛ وأنه يقوم مقام الوطء، فله حكم الوطء؛ لمنع الإشتباه في نسب الولد؛ ولحوق الولد الحاصل منه كالحاصل من الوطء، والضابط فيه: إنما تجب العدة به إذا خرج بسبب يتعلق به النسب. وأما استدخال المني إلى غير الزوجة لا تلزمها العدة سواء كانت حاملا أو حائلا؛ لأن الضابط فيه: إنما تجب العدة به إذا خرج بسبب يتعلق به النسب، فقياسه على عدم اللحوق لقطع الشرع النسب عن الزاني، وهذا زان؛ لأنه ممنوع من الفعل آثم به وإن سقط عنه الحد للشبهة؛ وكذلك أن الماء غير محترم؛ بدليل الإثم وعدم لحوق الولد عليه، وإن كان غير محترم، فلا عدة عليها، ولا أثر لنجاح التلقيح أو فشله في العدة؛ لأن المعتبر فيه إدخال المني.
Nowadays, a variety of emerging issues require a statement of Sharia ruling. Throughout the ages, various issues have arisen that Muslim scholars have made what they see as right, and they have given fatwas that people followed, and adopted laws that they practised their lives accordingly. It is known that the statement of the legal ruling is an obligation, and it is not permissible to leave a case without it. One of the issues that needs explanation of its ruling is the issue of artificial insemination. Artificial insemination has methods and means, and it also has two paths, internal and external. There are two findings of this paper. Firstly, if a husband's sperm is inserted into his wife without having intercourse, the wife must undergo an ‘iddah (if there is a divorce). The reason is that the sperm is more likely to occur in this case compared to sexual intercourse without the release of sperm. So, it is necessary to ascertain that the womb of the woman is empty in this case, as this insemination is similar to having sexual intercourse. The applicable law is the same law of having sexual intercourse, so that the child is born has a clear lineage or parentage like that of a child conceived out of sexual intercourse. The Sharia requires iddah if the born child is clearly the descent of both parents under the Sharia law. Secondly, regarding inserting a sperm of a man into a woman with no marital relations. In this situation, 'iddah is not obligatory, because the Sharia law requires ‘iddah if the child is produced out of the parents' sperm and ovum. The born child should not be attributed as the child to the sperm owner, because Sharia law breaks off the lineage. This case is not sanctioned under the adultery sanctions because the child does not have a legitimate lineage to the father, and there is a state of syubhat (vague state). ‘Iddah does not depend on the success or failure of the insemination process since the essential element in 'iddah is whether the sperm enters or not into the womb of the woman.
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